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capstone > Arterial Blood Gas ABG's > Flashcards

Arterial Blood Gas ABG's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the acid base balance?

A

A steady balance between acids (produced during metabolism) and bases (that neutralise and promote the excretion of acids).

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2
Q

What is the normal blood PH ranges?

A

Blood is slightly alkaline, the normal range for blood pH being 7.35 – 7.45.
If the pH falls below 7.35 the patient is acidotic.
If the pH rises above 7.45 the patient alkalotic .

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3
Q

How is the acid base balance maintained?

A

Respiratory system removes excess carbon dioxide.
Chemical buffer systems soak up excess amounts of acid or base.
Renal system excretes of acids and bases

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4
Q 
What are the normal values of:
•PH
•PaCO2
•HCO3
•PaO2
•SaO2
A
  • pH - 7.35 - 7.45
  • PaCO2 - 35 – 45 mmHg
  • HCO3 - 22 – 26 mmol
  • PaO2 - 80- 100 mmHg
  • SaO2 sat - 95 – 100%
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5
Q

What is the arterial blood gas?

A

The arterial blood gas is a specific collection of lab tests run on a sample of arterial blood.

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6
Q

When sleeping is the body acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic

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7
Q

When hyperventilating is the body acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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8
Q

When experiencing diarrhoea is the body acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic

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9
Q

When vomiting is the body acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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10
Q

What is the 5 step process to ABG analysis?

A
  1. Is the pH normal?
  2. Is the CO2 normal?
  3. Is the HCO3 normal?
  4. Apply the ROME principle
  5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH?
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of alterations in the acid base balance?

A
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis
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12
Q

What conditions can cause Respiratory Acidosis?

A

any disorder that impairs ventilation
• Drug Over dose, chest or head injury, Acute Pulmonary Oedema (APO),
• Chronic conditions such as COPD

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13
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A
  • acid overproduction (DKA),
  • loss of intestinal bicarbonate (D+V),
  • inadequate conservation of bicarbonate
  • Failure to excrete acid (renal failure),
  • anaerobic metabolism (shock).
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14
Q

What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation due to anxiety, COPD, lung lesions, salicylate toxicity, high altitude or excessive mechanical ventilation.

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15
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Over ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (antacids),
  • loss of GIT hydrochloric acid and potassium (vomiting, excessive drainage),
  • over use of potassium wasting diuretics (frusemide).
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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of acidosis in respiratory system for increased PaCO2?

A
  • Drowsiness, confusion
  • Headache, coma
  • LowBP, VF
  • Warm flushed skin
  • Seizures
  • hypoventilation
17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of acidosis in the metabolic system for decreased HCO3?

A
  • Drowsiness, confusion
  • Headache, coma
  • Low BP, arrhythmias
  • Warm flushed skin
  • Deep rapid resps
18
Q

What are the clinical manifesations of alkalosis in respiratory system for decreased PaCO2?

A
  • Lethargy light headedness, confusion.
  • Tachycardia,
  • Arrhythmias
  • Nausea vomiting epigastric pain.
  • Tetany, numbness, tingling, hyperreflexia.
  • Seizures
  • hyperventilation
19
Q

What are the clinical manifesations of alkalosis in the metabolic system for increased HCO3?

A
  • Dizziness, confusion irritability,
  • Tachycardia, arrhythmia’s
  • Anorexia, nausea
  • Tremors, hypertonic muscles, muscle cramps, tetany, tingling of fingers.
  • Seizures
  • hypoventilation
20
Q

What is the treatment for alkalosis?

A

Replacing water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium) while treating the cause
With respiratory alkalosis, usually the only treatment needed is slowing down the rate of breathing

21
Q

What imbalance is this? – pH 7.33

– PaCO2 67 mm Hg – PaO2 47 mm Hg – HCO3 37 mEq/L

A

c

22
Q

What imbalance is this? – pH7.18

– PaCO238mmHg – PaO270mmHg – HCO3– 15 mEq/L

A

c

23
Q

What imbalance is this? – pH 7.60

– PaCO2 30 mm Hg – PaO2 60 mm Hg – HCO3– 22 mEq/L

A

c

24
Q

What imbalance is this? – pH7.58

– PaCO235mmHg – PaO275mmHg – HCO3– 50 mEq/L

A

c

25
Q

A patient has the following ABG results: pH 7.48, PaO2
86 mm Hg, PaCO2 44 mm Hg, HCO3 29 mEq/L. When assessing the patient, the nurse would expect the patient to have

a. Muscle cramping
b. Warm, flushed skin
c. Respiratory rate of 36
d. Blood pressure of 94/52

A

c

capstone (19 decks)

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