ARRT Registry exam review Flashcards
1
Q
Most common cancer:
A
breast
2
Q
3 Most common cancer deaths, in order:
A
Lung, breast, prostate
3
Q
what is the lowest percentage dose error at which you notify anybody?
A
2 percent
4
Q
at which percent dose error do you notify doctor?
A
10%
5
Q
At which percent dose error do you notify chief tech?
A
2%
6
Q
What is a misadministration?
A
20% dose error is misadministration
7
Q
What is a recordable event?
A
15% dose error
8
Q
What do you do when u have a recordable event?
A
notify Radiation Safety Committee
9
Q
what is relationship between Z of material and photoelectric effect?
A
Probability of photoelectric effect depends on Z^3 of absorber
10
Q
what is minimum energy needed for pair production to occur?
A
1.02 MeV
11
Q
According to Len Stabile, what are the energy *ranges* at which Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Pair production, and Photodisintegration PREDOMINATE?
A
PEE =
10 keV - 1 MeV
CS =
1 MeV - 10 MeV
PP =
> 10 MeV - < 100 MeV
Photodisintegration =
> 100 MeV
12
Q
what is relationship between Compton scattering and Z of absorbing material?
A
Probability of Compton occurring is independent of absorber
13
Q
Probability of photoelectric effect depends on the ___ of the absorbing material
A
Z3
14
Q
What’s the half-life of P-32?
A
14.3 days
15
Q
What’s the half-life of au-198
A
2.7 days
16
Q
What’s the half-life of Y-90?
A
64 hours
17
Q
What’s the half-life of rn-222?
A
3.8 days
18
Q
What is the *avg* platelet count?
A
250K/mm^3
19
Q
normal platelet range is?
A
about 150K-400K per mm^3
20
Q
normal WBC range?
A
5000 - 10,000 per mm^3
21
Q
normal RBC range?
A
4.5 - 6 million per mm^3 for MEN; 4.3 - 5.5 million per mm^3 for women
22
Q
What is the usefulness of measuring acid phos ?
A
Prostate ca detection
23
Q
What is the usefulness of measuring alk phos?
A
Bone carcinoma and metastasis to bone detection, and also for liver mets
24
Q
What is BUN, and what is it used for?
A
Blood-urea-nitrogen; used to see kidney fcn
25
What is bilirubin tested for?
Liver fcn
26
what else besides BUN is measured for kidney fcn?
Creatinine
27
what do you do if your cancer pt's platelet count drops by half?
Stop RT and notify doctor, no matter how high the number still is
28
At What platelet \*range\* must an RT notify doctor?
80K-100K/mm^3
29
At what platelet count do you Stop rad tx?
50K/mm^3
30
At what platelet count will you bleed to death?
20K
31
What is the normal hemoglobin count?
Men = 14-16 g/dL; women = 12-14 g/dL
32
what is the normal pulse \*range\* for a non-geriatric adult?
60-100/min [for anyone over 14 y.o., from Cannon lecture]
33
Normal pulse for an old person?
50-60/min
34
what is a cancer of cartilage called?
Chondrosarcoma
35
what is a rhabdomyosarcoma?
Ca of striated muscle
36
what kind of ca is Hodgkin's? [carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma]
Sarcoma
37
what is a ca of smooth muscle?
Leiomyosarcoma
38
sarcomas usually mets via what route?
Hematologically
39
sarcomas usually mets via the blood. What are the exceptions to this rule?
Hodgkin's, Kaposi's, and Leukemia
40
what is telangiectasia?
abnormal dilation/rupturing of surface blood vessels such as capillaries. This is seen commonly in alcoholics whose blood vessels have been damaged
41
what is purpura?
Pinpoint purplish lesion. condition marked by purple patches on the skin. the cause is internal bleeding under the skin.
42
What are the kinds of **purpura**?
2 kinds:
Small spots are called **petechiae**, while large spots are called **ecchymoses**
43
What is atelectasis?
partial *or* complete **collapse** of the lung
44
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of the diameter of a bodily passage/vessel
45
Synonym for stenosis:
stricture
46
\_\_\_\_ is seen commonly in alcoholics whose blood vessels have been damaged
telangiectasia
47
What is Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?
A condition that is marked especially by the growth of a mucous membrane across the esophageal lumen, by difficulty in swallowing, and that is usually considered to be due to an iron deficiency. (Wikipedia);
A disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (M-W.com)
48
Pinpoint purplish lesion. condition marked by purple patches on the skin. the cause is internal bleeding under the skin. Name/term for this discoloration:
Purpura
49
What is cachexia?
wasting syndrome seen in somebody who's NOT trying to lose weight. Technically, it's defined as "loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally".
50
What is myelosuppression?
Bone marrow suppression
51
epiphora means?
Excessive tear production
52
T/F: Atresia is a synonym for stenosis.
FALSE.
53
ataxia?
Imbalance in walking
54
Why is myelosuppression cause for concern?
Bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production, so drop in leukocyte production causes increased risk of infection
55
epistaxis?
Nosebleed
56
WHAT are the two suffixes for pain?
dynia and -algia
57
T/F: Stricture is a synonym for stenosis.
True.
58
What is named after Karnofsky?
Performance scale
59
Can surgery be used for palliation, exploration, or prevention?
Can be used for all
60
What tx methods/modalities can be used for cancer palliation?
Surgery, chemo, RT
61
What cancer modalities are for systemic control?
Chemo
62
When the rad onc prescribes a radiation dose, what is it called?
Written directive
63
What does clinical staging of ca show us?
Extent of disease
64
What does histological grading show us?
Shows us the Prognosis by showing us the differentiation and thereby the degree of malignancy
65
What is new cancer staging system?
TNM system
66
in the TNM system, Mets is represented how?
M+ or M0
67
A condition that is marked especially by the growth of a mucous membrane across the esophageal lumen, by difficulty in swallowing, and that is usually considered to be due to an iron deficiency. (Wikipedia)
A disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (M-W.com)
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
68
Before TNM, what was the old staging system?
stages 0 thru 4
69
what part of x-ray tube is made of tungsten?
both Cathode and anode
70
what is thermionic emission?
The tungsten emits electrons when it's heated
71
Where in the X-ray tube does thermionic emission occur?
In the tungsten that makes up the Cathode
72
what causes electrons to fly to anode?
High voltage
73
What two characteristics/qualities of tungsten make it ideal for x-ray production?
High atomic number, and hi melting point
74
What actual phenom of physics makes the x-rays in the anode?
Bremsstrahlung
75
What is the relationship between bremss production and the Z of the tungsten material?
Probability of brems production proportional to Z^2 of material (in this case, Z^2 of tungsten)
76
When tungsten emits electrons when it's heated, this phenomenon is called:
thermionic emission
77
What organs/structures are located in the RIGHT UPPER Quadrant?
Right kidney,
gallbladder,
HEAD of pancreas,
Hepatic flexure (bend in colon),
**Right lobe** of Liver
**pylorus** of Stomach
**Parts 1-3** of duodenum
c-loop of duodenum
R suprarenal gland
Ascending colon's top part
R half of Transverse colon
78
What's in the Left UPPER Quadrant?
**Body and Tail** of pancreas
**Left lobe** of liver
spleen
Stomach (*minus* pylorus)
Jejunum
***Proximal*** ILEUM
L kidney, and L Suprarenal gland
Splenic **Flexure**
*L half of* Transverse colon
Descending colon's *top part*
79
In an X-ray tube, what material is anode made of?
tungsten
80
What's in the LEFT LOWER Quadrant?
**sigmoid** colon
Descending colon
L ovary
L uterine (fallopian) tube
L Ureter
spermatic cord
Uterus (**if** enlarged)
Bladder (**if** enlarged)
81
What's in the RIGHT LOWER Quadrant?
Cecum
Appendix
most of the ILEUM
Ascending colon
ovary
R Uterine (fallopian) Tube
(abdominal part of) R Ureter
(abdominal part of) R spermatic cord
Uterus (**if** enlarged);
Bladder (**if** enlarged)
82
In an X-ray tube, what is cathode made of?
tungsten
83
another name for appendix?
Vermiform process
84
Where does the PITUITARY GLAND get its marching orders from?
gets its signals from the hypothalamus
85
List all the activities of the HYPOTHALAMUS:
involved in many autonomic nervous system activities:
## Footnote
(1) regulates the **secretion** of most hormones of the body;
(2) maintains homeostasis of
**Blood Pressure**; and
fluid and **Electrolytes** of the body;
body **Temperature**;
**respiration**; and
**digestion**;
regulates **Hunger** and **thirst**
86
The "master gland" of the body is?
Pituitary gland
87
What is infundibulum?
Tract that leads from hypothalamus to pituitary.
88
what are the segments of the pituitary?
Anterior pituitary (AKA adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis)
89
how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
9
90
How many hypothalamus hormones go to Posterior pit?
2
91
How many hypothalamus hormones go to Anterior pituitary?
7
92
Which part of the pituitary makes its own hormones?
Adenohypophysis receives 7 hormones from hypothalamus, which cause adenohypophysis to make ANOTHER 7 hormones which actually enter the bloodstream
93
List the hormones of the *Adeno*hypophysis:
ACTH;
FSH
HGH
LH (f) / ICSH (m)
MSH
Prolactin
TSH
94
List the hormones of the *Neuro*hypophysis:
Oxytocin and ADH
95
Which of the 9 Pituitary hormones are made in the HYPOTHALAMUS?
Only ADH and Oxytocin are **made** in the HYPOTHALAMUS.
ADH and oxytocin are **released** by the Posterior pituitary.
(The hormones released by the Adenohypophysis are also made in the adenohypophysis.)
96
Name 3 glands that aren't turned on by the pituitary, but rather **controlled directly** by the **nervous** system:
Pancreas,
parathyroid, &
adrenal **medulla**
97
What triggers the Release of prolactin?
The sudden drop in estrogen caused by childbirth (the placenta, AKA afterbirth, produces lots of estrogen), causing release of prolactin.
98
What is the Target cell for prolactin?
Cuboidal epithelial cells of mammary glands
99
What is the target cell for Human Growth Hormone?
Every cell in the body
100
What does HGH do?
Stimulates epiphyseal cartilage of long bones to grow lengthwise (i.e., longitudinally); HGH also stimulates protein anabolism [anabolism means "building up"; the antonym is catabolism]
101
What does MSH stand for?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
102
What is target cell for MSH?
Melanocytes, which produce melanin
103
Which 3 hormones target EVERY cell in body?
HGH, T3, and T4
104
FSH stands for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
105
what is a term commonly associated with **epiphyseal cartilage**?
Metaphysis
106
target cell for FSH?
Behaves differently in men and women. Target cell in *women* is **Graafian follicle cells** of the ovary. Target cell for *men* is **seminiferous tubules** of the testes.
107
What do Graafian follicle cells of ovary do?
help to mature the ovum; and produce estrogen
108
What do seminiferous tubules of the testes do?
Produce sperm
109
A man without FSH is:
sterile
110
Which two of the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary are identical?
LH and ICSH
111
The pituitary secretes a hormone which is called different names for each gender.
Which hormone is for males, which one is for females?
LH for female, ICSH for men
112
LH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone
113
Target cell of LH?
Corpus luteum
114
what does **LH** do in **females** (2)?
Weakens ovarian wall to prepare for **ovulation**; also,
stimulates corpus luteum to produce **progesterone**
115
ICSH stands for?
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
116
ICSH's target?
Interstitial cells of Leydig
117
TSH stands for?
Thyroid stimulating Hormone
118
TSH's target?
Cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland
119
Thyroid gland produces which hormones?
Calcitonin, T3, and Thyroxine (T4)
120
Calcitonin's fcn?
Slows down activity of osteoClasts, thus *preventing* bone breakdown,
by decreasing availability of calcium ions in the blood
121
T3 and T4 target?
Every cell in the body
122
T3 and T4 are collectively called?
thyroid hormone
123
fcn of T3 and T4?
↑↑ basal metabolic rate
↑↑ glucose catabolism; and
promote brain cell differentiation
124
ACTH stands for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
125
ACTH secreted by?
Anterior pituitary
126
ACTH's target cell?
Adrenal CORTEX of adrenal gland
127
is adrenal cortex outside or inside adrenal gland?
Outside
128
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex, from outer layer to inner layer?
zona Glomerulosa, zona Fasciculata, zona Reticularis
129
what do the 3 zones of the cortex produce?
Hormones called STEROIDS
130
what does Zona Glomerulosa produce, and what is an example?
Mineralocorticoids, of which Aldosterone is most abundant
131
what does Zona Fasciculata produce, and what is an example?
makes Glucocorticoids, of which Cortisol is most abundant
132
synthetic version of cortisol is?
cortisone
133
what does zona Reticularis produce, and what is an example?
Gonadocorticoids, of which Androgens are most important
134
What causes Addison's Disease?
Occurs when 3 zones of cortex don't fcn
135
result of too little ACTH?
Causes cortex to shut down, i.e., Addison's Disease
136
***Symptoms*** of too little ACTH?
Overall muscle weakening
137
Aldosterone produced where?
zona Glomerulosa
138
target of aldosterone?
Kidney tubules
139
fncn of aldosterone?
Allows exchange between blood and urine
140
**Aldosterone** allows exchange between blood and urine. Specifically, WHAT is exchanged?
**Na+** ion goes from urine to blood, water goes from *urine to blood*
and **K** and **H+** ions from *blood to urine*;
141
what are the *general* toxic effects of chemo?
Alopecia,
pancytopenia,
GI dysfunction,
sexual/reproductive probs, mutation of ova/sperm
142
what is **pancytopenia**?
Reduction of RBC, WBC, and platelets
143
why does chemotherapy cause pancytopenia?
Because chemo affects bone marrow
144
Why does chemo cause GI dysfunction?
Denuding of GI tract; (Cells lining GI tract die)
145
what sex/reprod probs can occur from chemo?
Lower libido, early menopause
146
which chemo drug has potential **cardiotoxicity**?
Doxorubicin
147
A brand name for Doxorubicin :
Adriamycin
148
which chemo drug has lung toxicity?
## Footnote
Bleomycin
149
Major side effects of Bleomycin:
## Footnote
Cause pulmonary fibrosis
## Footnote
150
which chemo drug may cross blood-brain barrier?
nitrosureas
151
what Chemo drug can cause **renal** problems?
Methotrexate and cis-platinum
152
which chemo drugs cause **liver** impairment?
Doxorubicin, and
vin**c**ristine
153
**5-FU** is used for which ca?
Colon,
breast,
ovarian,
pancreatic, and
gastric
154
MOPP/ABVD regimens are used for which cancer?
Lymphoma and
Hodgkin’s
155
Brand name for bleomycin?
Blenoxane
156
what are the 5 stages of the cell life cycle?
G1, S, G2,
M
resting (G0)
157
which drugs target the M stage?
Vin**b**lastine,
vin**c**ristine,
etoposide
158
which drugs target **S** stage?
5-FU,
methotrexate,
hydroxyurea
159
which drugs target G2?
Bleomycin
160
which drugs target G1?
L-asparaginase
161
Brand name for L-asparaginase?
elspar
162
another name for **cytoxan**?
Cyclophosphamide
## Footnote
163
what is the MOA of the chemo drugs called **alkylating agents**?
Cause breaks and crosslinks in DNA
164
Which chemo drugs are **alkylating agents**?
Cisplatin,
cytoxan,
mustargen
165
another name for mustargen is:
## Footnote
Nitrogen mustard
166
what are **antitumor antibiotics**?
Chemo drugs that work by preventing normal DNA **synthesis**, by **combining directly into DNA**
167
examples of **antitumor antibiotics** are:
Actinomycin-D,
bleomycin,
doxorubicin, and
mitomycin-c
168
what are antimetabolites?
## Footnote
Chemo drugs that prevent nitrogenous bases from forming
169
are antimetabolites specific to any cell-cycle?
S phase
170
examples of **antimetabolites** are:
Methotrexate,
5-FU
171
how do the vinca alkaloids fcn?
Stop mitotic activity by interfering with **formation** of mitotic **spindle**
172
brand name for taxol:
## Footnote
Paclitaxel
173
what is the major chemo drug for treating breast cancer?
Tamoxifen
174
taxotere is used for which cancers (wikipedia)?
**Breast**,
**ovarian**, and
**non**-small cell lung ca
175
what is **taxol** used to treat?
**breast** cancer,
**head and neck** cancer,
**lung**,
**ovarian**,
advanced forms of **Kaposi's** sarcoma.
176
Which **organs** do you NEVER biopsy?
Kidney,
pancreas,
parotid,
testicles,
eyeball
177
Define **aphasia**:
Inability to speak
178
SPINAL CORD **begins** and **ends** where?
From
foramen magnum
to
L1-L2
179
which specific **brain** ca is associated with kids, and
which specific ca is associated with adults?
Medulloblastoma = *kids*;
ependymoma = *adults*
180
what is # 1 complaint for ***primary*** brain ca pts?
“seizure headaches”
181
what is **cause** of the headaches that primary brain cancer pts complain about?
Increased intracranial pressure
182
Primary brain ca pts complain of headaches. Headaches are cause by increased intracranial pressure.
What is the **cause** of the increased intracranial pressure?
caused by **obstruction of the CSF** that tries to leave the ventricular system
183
brand name for cyclophosphamide:
cytoxan
184
majority of primary brain tumors are what **type** of tumor?
Glioma
185
what is **decadron**?
and What is it used for?
Drug to control brain imflammation/swelling brought on by RT
186
what is the worst form of glioma?
What percentage of gliomas are this type?
Glioblastoma **multiforme**,
make up **half** of all gliomas
187
which brain ca is found mostly in children?
Medulloblastoma
188
which chemo drugs are used for medulloblastoma?
Cytoxan,
cisplatin,
etoposide,
vincristine
189
What is the ca that is the **adults**’ counterpart of medulloblastoma?
ependymoma
190
what is **Collin’s Rule**?
If pt is disease free for a period equal to their **age at diagnosis, plus 9 months**, then the pt is considered cured
191
which ca does Collin’s Rule apply to?
Medulloblastoma and
Wilm’s tumor
192
tx modalities for ependymoma
Surgery, chemo, RT
193
which chemo drugs can be used for ependymoma?
Cyclophosphamide,
vin**c**ristine,
cisplatin,
carboplatin,
etoposide
194
* what* Is the **pineal** gland?
* Where* is it located?
Small endocrine gland inside the brain
195
what does pineal gland produce?
melatonin
196
what is tx of choice for pituitary adenoma?
Surgery
197
what’s the name of the surgical procedure that’s usually used for pituitary adenoma?
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
198
What are "the **_TRUE_** ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCIES"?
SVC,
spinal cord compression, and
increased cranial pressure
199
what are other (non "true") oncologic emergencies?
Malignant pleural effusion;
cardiac tamponade
200
what causes cardiac tamponade in cancer pts?
**Infiltration of pericardium** via mets can create effusion to cause tamponade
201
for which ca do we see mets to pericardium and pericardial effusion?
Pericardial mets and effusion are late complications of **lung** and **breast** cancers, also seen in **leukemia** and **lymphoma **
202
**what** is effusion? What are the two **types** of effusion fluid?
escape of fluid into a part (can be **ex**udate or **trans**udate)
203
what are characteristics of transudate?
**Trans**udate =
**high** fluidity, **low** protein, **low** specific gravity (i.e., lower s.g. than **ex**udate)
204
the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans is:
glioblastoma multiforme
205
what is **ex**udate?
Fluid with **high protein** content and cellular debris
WIKI: any fluid that filters **from** the circulatory system and **into** lesions or areas of inflammation.
206
EXudate and TRANSudate have differences in protein content and specific gravity. Also, what's the important **physiological** distinction between the two?
Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic _or_ colloid osmotic pressure, **not** by inflammation.
207
what is meant by "cellular debris"?
fibrin,
fibrinogen,
WBC,
RBC
208
what **stage** are malignant pleural effusions classified as?
4
209
are pleural effusions considered oncologic emergencies?
*to clarify*: Malignant pleural effusions are oncologic emergencies. BUT, they are NOT "**true** oncologic emergencies".
210
Are pleural effusions considered oncologic emergencies?
No.
211
Are pleural effusions **trans**udate or **ex**udate?
Exudate
212
The mets of which cancers make up 75% of pleural effusions?
**Breast**, **lung**, **lymphoma** mets make up 75 % of pleural effusions
213
what is **pericardial rub**?
Doc listening with stethoscope
214
around which vertebrae is the pericardial rub done?
T-5
215
what is the diagnostic procedure of choice to diagnose tamponade?
Echocardiography
216
what is the procedure to cure tamponade?
Pericardiocentesis
217
Name the 3 groups of nodes commonly involved in lung ca:
**_Ipsi_**lateral **hilar** nodes, **mediastinal** nodes, **supraclavicular** nodes
218
what is SGOT? What does "SGOT" stand for?
Liver fcn test. It stands for serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
219
Give _another name_ for **SGOT** :
AST
220
"AST" stands for:
Aspartate transaminase
221
List the liver fcn "tests" that you check for:
AST,
ALT,
bilirubin
222
SGPT stands for:
Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase
223
SGPT is **a.k.a.** \_\_\_\_\_\_.
another name for SGPT:
ALT
224
ALT stands for:
alanine aminotransferase
225
another name for **oat** cell ca?
**small cell** ca of the lung
226
another name for a Pancoast tumor?
Superior sulcus tumor
227
**where** is the Pancoast tumor located?
Upper apex of lung
228
what are the types of **non**-small cell ca?
Adenocarcinoma,
squamous, &
large cell
229
1.02 MeV is the minimum energy required for ___ to occur.
pair production
230
The probability of ___ depends on the Z^3 of the absorber material.
photo**electric** effect
231
A man without ____ hormone is sterile
FSH
232
What's the difference between **oncotic pressure** and **colloid osmotic** pressure?
Nothing.
The two terms refer to the same thing.
233
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
Pressure exerted by the proteins floating in your blood vessel's plasma
234
The cells of the **Graafian follicle** produce [progesterone/estrogens/both/neither].
estrogen
235
Pancoast tumors metastasize via \_\_\_\_.
Lymphatics and blood
236
When a Pancoast tumor spreads, which lymph nodes are affected?
Hilum, mediastinum, supraclav, SVC, peribronchal, paratracheal
237
what is the medical term for **profuse sweating**?
Diaphoresis
238
What is Kwashiorkor?
What is its cause?
Type of **malnutrition** seen in kids with distended bellies,
caused by **insufficient protein** intake
239
list the stages of sperm development from baby to mature.
Spermatogonia,
spermatocyte,
spermatid,
sperm
240
break down rad/cGy into its SI components:
J/kg
241
1 Angstrom = ____ meters
= 10-10 m
242
what is the SI unit for Roentgens?
C/kg
243
what are halogenated pyrimidines?
radiation sensitizer
244
what is the MOST COMMON CA in MEN?
Prostate (actually, skin ca is the most common, but it’s so frequent it’s not counted)
245
what is ankylosing spondylitis? (the RT definition)
Inflammation of spine that can be tx with RT to relieve pain
246
what is the most common symptom of breast ca?
a palpable mass
247
what is the most common bone disease?
bone mets
248
what is the HVL of lead?
1.2 cm
249
what is the specific route of spread for uterine ca?
Parametrial,
obturator,
external iliacs,
hypogastric,
sacral, to
paraaortic
250
what is the hormone responsible for **lactation**?
Prolactin
251
what is the route of spread for prostate ca?
Obturator node, to internal iliac, to external iliac, to presacral
252
what is a SMAC?
Multi-fcn blood test to check for liver fcn, kidney, heart fcn
253
what does the prefix **salpingo**- refer to?
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
254
where is Virchow’s node located?
It is among the supraclavicular nodes
255
what are the 4 MAJOR glands that produce saliva?
Parotid,
sub**mandibular**,
sub**maxillary**,
sub**lingual**
256
what drains the saliva from parotid to oral cavity?
Stenson’s duct
257
what drains the submandibular glands?
Wharton’s duct
258
how does **hodgkin’s** spread? By lymph or blood?
both
259
what does increased levels of alk phos indicate?
May mean that **liver** or **bone marrow** has cancer
260
what is the largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
261
what is “Waldeyer’s ring”?
Anatomical term referring to the lymphoid tissue, i.e. the tonsils, in the pharynx:
2 palatine tonsils, lingual, tubal, and pharyngeal tonsils
262
what is tamponade?
Heart beats irregularly
263
what are Peyer’s patches?
WHERE are they found?
Lymph nodules found in ileum
264
what layer of the ileum are the Peyer’s patches found in?
Mucosal and submucosal layers
265
what is the most common malignancy of infants?
**Neuro**blastoma
266
another name for Wilm’s tumor?
**Nephro**blastoma
267
Which cancers are considered truly curable?
Larynx, cervical, and Hodgkin’s
268
lower 1/3 of esophagus has what histology? Adeno or squamous?
Adeno
269
what virus is seen in stomach cancer?
EBV
270
what is **marasmus**?
Cause?
Form of severe **malnutrition** caused by deficiency of **all** nutrients, *especially* protein and calories
271
Signs/Symptoms of marasmus:
marked by emaciated anorexic look with extensive tissue and muscle wasting
272
What is the Ampulla of **Vater**?
What does this structure travel/pass thru?
Union of **pancreatic** duct and **common bile** duct.
Ampulla of Vater leads *through* the **sphincter of Oddi** into duodenum
273
What, and **Where** is Santorini’s Duct?
Most people have just one pancreatic duct.
However, some have an additional **accessory pancreatic duct**, called the Duct of Santorini, which *bypasses* the Ampulla of Vater, and connects *directly to* the duodenum
274
What ** **are acini cells, and **where** are they located?
Acini is plural for acinus.
Juice-secreting cells of an **exo**crine gland,
found in many organs including (but not limited to): **stomach**, **pancreas**, **tongue**, **liver**, **mammary** glands
275
which is the *most common* skin cancer?
Basal cell
276
What is parenchyma?
Cells **characteristic of** the organ
277
What are the most radio**sensitive** cells in the body?
*Mature* lymphocytes,
erythroblasts,
*some* spermato**gonia**
278
What are the most radioRESISTANT cells of the body?
Chondrocytes,
muscle,
neurons
279
What are the 2 types of marrow?
red
yellow
280
Which marrow contains more stem cells?
red
281
What is the red marrow’s main job?
To provide mature functional cells to the circulation of blood
282
Where is red marrow found?
Ribs,
**end** of long bones,
vertebrae,
sternum, and
skull bones
283
What is precursor cell for RBC?
Erythroblast
284
What is the stem cell for some WBCs?
Myelocyte
285
What is the stem cell for platelets?
Megakaryocytes
286
where in the cell is the **water** located?
**Mostly** in the cytoplasm;
almost **none** in nucleus
287
What physically holds together a diploid chromosome?
CentroMERE
288
What is interphase?
The phase between mitosis.
289
What are the stages of interphase (_in order_)?
G1,
S,
G2
290
What are **t**RNA?
What do they do?
Combine with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and **attach them to ribosome**
291
Is the nitrogenous base attached to sugar or phosphate?
Sugar
292
How many different chromosomes in the *somatic *human cell?
46
293
one CT scan is = how many X-ray plain films?
500
294
What is anaphylactic shock?
an overblown **allergic** reaction
295
What are COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES?
LIST them.
Colligative properties are DEPENDENT on the **amount** of the substance.
They are, namely:
elevation of boiling point and
lowering of freezing point
296
How is the boiling point affected if you **reduce** the external air pressure?
Lowers the boiling point
297
Define **boiling point** using the term ‘vapor pressure’.
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid **equals** the applied pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid
298
What specific type of rxn takes place between a primary **alkyl halide** and **sodium iodide**, in acetone?
SN2
299
how do we synthesize **alkyl halides**?
Convert alcohol to alkyl halide with strong hydrogen halide
300
What’s the **% error** formula?
= (Theoretical – experimental / theoretical ) \* 100
301
In orgo, what is the lucas test?
Alcohol + ZnCl2 + HCl →
R-Cl + H2O
302
what kind of alcohols react with lucas test?
**Primary** – never;
**secondary** – after 3-5 min;
**tert** – immediately
303
*Strongly nucleophilic* nucleophiles favor the [SN1 / SN2] rxn.
SN2
304
Which reaction takes place between **alkyl halide** and **silver nitrate**?
SN1
305
What indicates a positive **chromic acid test**?
green ppt
306
What do the interstitial cells of Leydig make?
testosterone
307
Where in the body is Progesterone made?
in the ovaries (by the **corpus luteum**),
the **adrenal** glands, and,
**during** pregnancy, in the *placenta*.
308
Where in the body is Estrogen made?
**granulosa cells** of the ovary.
Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts in the **liver**, **adrenal** glands, and the **breast**s. (These secondary sources of estrogens are especially important in postmenopausal women.) **Fat** cells produce estrogen as well.
