ARRT Registry exam review Flashcards
Most common cancer:
breast
3 Most common cancer deaths, in order:
Lung, breast, prostate
what is the lowest percentage dose error at which you notify anybody?
2 percent
at which percent dose error do you notify doctor?
10%
At which percent dose error do you notify chief tech?
2%
What is a misadministration?
20% dose error is misadministration
What is a recordable event?
15% dose error
What do you do when u have a recordable event?
notify Radiation Safety Committee
what is relationship between Z of material and photoelectric effect?
Probability of photoelectric effect depends on Z^3 of absorber
what is minimum energy needed for pair production to occur?
1.02 MeV
According to Len Stabile, what are the energy *ranges* at which Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Pair production, and Photodisintegration PREDOMINATE?
PEE =
10 keV - 1 MeV
CS =
1 MeV - 10 MeV
PP =
> 10 MeV - < 100 MeV
Photodisintegration =
> 100 MeV
what is relationship between Compton scattering and Z of absorbing material?
Probability of Compton occurring is independent of absorber
Probability of photoelectric effect depends on the ___ of the absorbing material
Z3
What’s the half-life of P-32?
14.3 days
What’s the half-life of au-198
2.7 days
What’s the half-life of Y-90?
64 hours
What’s the half-life of rn-222?
3.8 days
What is the *avg* platelet count?
250K/mm^3
normal platelet range is?
about 150K-400K per mm^3
normal WBC range?
5000 - 10,000 per mm^3
normal RBC range?
4.5 - 6 million per mm^3 for MEN; 4.3 - 5.5 million per mm^3 for women
What is the usefulness of measuring acid phos ?
Prostate ca detection
What is the usefulness of measuring alk phos?
Bone carcinoma and metastasis to bone detection, and also for liver mets
What is BUN, and what is it used for?
Blood-urea-nitrogen; used to see kidney fcn
What is bilirubin tested for?
Liver fcn
what else besides BUN is measured for kidney fcn?
Creatinine
what do you do if your cancer pt’s platelet count drops by half?
Stop RT and notify doctor, no matter how high the number still is
At What platelet *range* must an RT notify doctor?
80K-100K/mm^3
At what platelet count do you Stop rad tx?
50K/mm^3
At what platelet count will you bleed to death?
20K
What is the normal hemoglobin count?
Men = 14-16 g/dL; women = 12-14 g/dL
what is the normal pulse *range* for a non-geriatric adult?
60-100/min [for anyone over 14 y.o., from Cannon lecture]
Normal pulse for an old person?
50-60/min
what is a cancer of cartilage called?
Chondrosarcoma
what is a rhabdomyosarcoma?
Ca of striated muscle
what kind of ca is Hodgkin’s? [carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma]
Sarcoma
what is a ca of smooth muscle?
Leiomyosarcoma
sarcomas usually mets via what route?
Hematologically
sarcomas usually mets via the blood. What are the exceptions to this rule?
Hodgkin’s, Kaposi’s, and Leukemia
what is telangiectasia?
abnormal dilation/rupturing of surface blood vessels such as capillaries. This is seen commonly in alcoholics whose blood vessels have been damaged
what is purpura?
Pinpoint purplish lesion. condition marked by purple patches on the skin. the cause is internal bleeding under the skin.
What are the kinds of purpura?
2 kinds:
Small spots are called petechiae, while large spots are called ecchymoses
What is atelectasis?
partial or complete collapse of the lung
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of the diameter of a bodily passage/vessel
Synonym for stenosis:
stricture
____ is seen commonly in alcoholics whose blood vessels have been damaged
telangiectasia
What is Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?
A condition that is marked especially by the growth of a mucous membrane across the esophageal lumen, by difficulty in swallowing, and that is usually considered to be due to an iron deficiency. (Wikipedia);
A disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (M-W.com)
Pinpoint purplish lesion. condition marked by purple patches on the skin. the cause is internal bleeding under the skin. Name/term for this discoloration:
Purpura
What is cachexia?
wasting syndrome seen in somebody who’s NOT trying to lose weight. Technically, it’s defined as “loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally”.
What is myelosuppression?
Bone marrow suppression
epiphora means?
Excessive tear production
T/F: Atresia is a synonym for stenosis.
FALSE.
ataxia?
Imbalance in walking
Why is myelosuppression cause for concern?
Bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production, so drop in leukocyte production causes increased risk of infection
epistaxis?
Nosebleed
WHAT are the two suffixes for pain?
dynia and -algia
T/F: Stricture is a synonym for stenosis.
True.
What is named after Karnofsky?
Performance scale
Can surgery be used for palliation, exploration, or prevention?
Can be used for all
What tx methods/modalities can be used for cancer palliation?
Surgery, chemo, RT
What cancer modalities are for systemic control?
Chemo
When the rad onc prescribes a radiation dose, what is it called?
Written directive
What does clinical staging of ca show us?
Extent of disease
What does histological grading show us?
Shows us the Prognosis by showing us the differentiation and thereby the degree of malignancy
What is new cancer staging system?
TNM system
in the TNM system, Mets is represented how?
M+ or M0
A condition that is marked especially by the growth of a mucous membrane across the esophageal lumen, by difficulty in swallowing, and that is usually considered to be due to an iron deficiency. (Wikipedia)
A disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (M-W.com)
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Before TNM, what was the old staging system?
stages 0 thru 4
what part of x-ray tube is made of tungsten?
both Cathode and anode
what is thermionic emission?
The tungsten emits electrons when it’s heated
Where in the X-ray tube does thermionic emission occur?
In the tungsten that makes up the Cathode
what causes electrons to fly to anode?
High voltage
What two characteristics/qualities of tungsten make it ideal for x-ray production?
High atomic number, and hi melting point
What actual phenom of physics makes the x-rays in the anode?
Bremsstrahlung
What is the relationship between bremss production and the Z of the tungsten material?
Probability of brems production proportional to Z^2 of material (in this case, Z^2 of tungsten)
When tungsten emits electrons when it’s heated, this phenomenon is called:
thermionic emission
What organs/structures are located in the RIGHT UPPER Quadrant?
Right kidney,
gallbladder,
HEAD of pancreas,
Hepatic flexure (bend in colon),
Right lobe of Liver
pylorus of Stomach
Parts 1-3 of duodenum
c-loop of duodenum
R suprarenal gland
Ascending colon’s top part
R half of Transverse colon
What’s in the Left UPPER Quadrant?
Body and Tail of pancreas
Left lobe of liver
spleen
Stomach (minus pylorus)
Jejunum
Proximal ILEUM
L kidney, and L Suprarenal gland
Splenic Flexure
L half of Transverse colon
Descending colon’s top part
In an X-ray tube, what material is anode made of?
tungsten
What’s in the LEFT LOWER Quadrant?
sigmoid colon
Descending colon
L ovary
L uterine (fallopian) tube
L Ureter
spermatic cord
Uterus (if enlarged)
Bladder (if enlarged)
What’s in the RIGHT LOWER Quadrant?
Cecum
Appendix
most of the ILEUM
Ascending colon
ovary
R Uterine (fallopian) Tube
(abdominal part of) R Ureter
(abdominal part of) R spermatic cord
Uterus (if enlarged);
Bladder (if enlarged)
In an X-ray tube, what is cathode made of?
tungsten
another name for appendix?
Vermiform process
Where does the PITUITARY GLAND get its marching orders from?
gets its signals from the hypothalamus
List all the activities of the HYPOTHALAMUS:
involved in many autonomic nervous system activities:
(1) regulates the secretion of most hormones of the body;
(2) maintains homeostasis of
Blood Pressure; and
fluid and Electrolytes of the body;
body Temperature;
respiration; and
digestion;
regulates Hunger and thirst
The “master gland” of the body is?
Pituitary gland
What is infundibulum?
Tract that leads from hypothalamus to pituitary.
what are the segments of the pituitary?
Anterior pituitary (AKA adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis)
how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
9
How many hypothalamus hormones go to Posterior pit?
2
How many hypothalamus hormones go to Anterior pituitary?
7
Which part of the pituitary makes its own hormones?
Adenohypophysis receives 7 hormones from hypothalamus, which cause adenohypophysis to make ANOTHER 7 hormones which actually enter the bloodstream
List the hormones of the Adenohypophysis:
ACTH;
FSH
HGH
LH (f) / ICSH (m)
MSH
Prolactin
TSH
List the hormones of the Neurohypophysis:
Oxytocin and ADH
Which of the 9 Pituitary hormones are made in the HYPOTHALAMUS?
Only ADH and Oxytocin are made in the HYPOTHALAMUS.
ADH and oxytocin are released by the Posterior pituitary.
(The hormones released by the Adenohypophysis are also made in the adenohypophysis.)
Name 3 glands that aren’t turned on by the pituitary, but rather controlled directly by the nervous system:
Pancreas,
parathyroid, &
adrenal medulla
What triggers the Release of prolactin?
The sudden drop in estrogen caused by childbirth (the placenta, AKA afterbirth, produces lots of estrogen), causing release of prolactin.
What is the Target cell for prolactin?
Cuboidal epithelial cells of mammary glands
What is the target cell for Human Growth Hormone?
Every cell in the body
What does HGH do?
Stimulates epiphyseal cartilage of long bones to grow lengthwise (i.e., longitudinally); HGH also stimulates protein anabolism [anabolism means “building up”; the antonym is catabolism]
What does MSH stand for?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
What is target cell for MSH?
Melanocytes, which produce melanin
Which 3 hormones target EVERY cell in body?
HGH, T3, and T4
FSH stands for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
what is a term commonly associated with epiphyseal cartilage?
Metaphysis
target cell for FSH?
Behaves differently in men and women. Target cell in women is Graafian follicle cells of the ovary. Target cell for men is seminiferous tubules of the testes.
What do Graafian follicle cells of ovary do?
help to mature the ovum; and produce estrogen
What do seminiferous tubules of the testes do?
Produce sperm
A man without FSH is:
sterile
Which two of the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary are identical?
LH and ICSH
The pituitary secretes a hormone which is called different names for each gender.
Which hormone is for males, which one is for females?
LH for female, ICSH for men
LH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone
Target cell of LH?
Corpus luteum
what does LH do in females (2)?
Weakens ovarian wall to prepare for ovulation; also,
stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone
ICSH stands for?
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
ICSH’s target?
Interstitial cells of Leydig
TSH stands for?
Thyroid stimulating Hormone
TSH’s target?
Cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland
Thyroid gland produces which hormones?
Calcitonin, T3, and Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin’s fcn?
Slows down activity of osteoClasts, thus preventing bone breakdown,
by decreasing availability of calcium ions in the blood
T3 and T4 target?
Every cell in the body
T3 and T4 are collectively called?
thyroid hormone
fcn of T3 and T4?
↑↑ basal metabolic rate
↑↑ glucose catabolism; and
promote brain cell differentiation
ACTH stands for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH secreted by?
Anterior pituitary
ACTH’s target cell?
Adrenal CORTEX of adrenal gland
is adrenal cortex outside or inside adrenal gland?
Outside
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex, from outer layer to inner layer?
zona Glomerulosa, zona Fasciculata, zona Reticularis
what do the 3 zones of the cortex produce?
Hormones called STEROIDS
what does Zona Glomerulosa produce, and what is an example?
Mineralocorticoids, of which Aldosterone is most abundant
what does Zona Fasciculata produce, and what is an example?
makes Glucocorticoids, of which Cortisol is most abundant
synthetic version of cortisol is?
cortisone
what does zona Reticularis produce, and what is an example?
Gonadocorticoids, of which Androgens are most important
What causes Addison’s Disease?
Occurs when 3 zones of cortex don’t fcn
result of too little ACTH?
Causes cortex to shut down, i.e., Addison’s Disease
Symptoms of too little ACTH?
Overall muscle weakening
Aldosterone produced where?
zona Glomerulosa
target of aldosterone?
Kidney tubules
fncn of aldosterone?
Allows exchange between blood and urine
Aldosterone allows exchange between blood and urine. Specifically, WHAT is exchanged?
Na+ ion goes from urine to blood, water goes from urine to blood
and K and H+ ions from blood to urine;
what are the general toxic effects of chemo?
Alopecia,
pancytopenia,
GI dysfunction,
sexual/reproductive probs, mutation of ova/sperm
what is pancytopenia?
Reduction of RBC, WBC, and platelets
why does chemotherapy cause pancytopenia?
Because chemo affects bone marrow
Why does chemo cause GI dysfunction?
Denuding of GI tract; (Cells lining GI tract die)
what sex/reprod probs can occur from chemo?
Lower libido, early menopause
which chemo drug has potential cardiotoxicity?
Doxorubicin
A brand name for Doxorubicin :
Adriamycin
which chemo drug has lung toxicity?
Bleomycin
Major side effects of Bleomycin:
Cause pulmonary fibrosis
which chemo drug may cross blood-brain barrier?
nitrosureas
what Chemo drug can cause renal problems?
Methotrexate and cis-platinum
which chemo drugs cause liver impairment?
Doxorubicin, and
vincristine
5-FU is used for which ca?
Colon,
breast,
ovarian,
pancreatic, and
gastric
MOPP/ABVD regimens are used for which cancer?
Lymphoma and
Hodgkin’s
Brand name for bleomycin?
Blenoxane
what are the 5 stages of the cell life cycle?
G1, S, G2,
M
resting (G0)
which drugs target the M stage?
Vinblastine,
vincristine,
etoposide
which drugs target S stage?
5-FU,
methotrexate,
hydroxyurea
which drugs target G2?
Bleomycin
which drugs target G1?
L-asparaginase
Brand name for L-asparaginase?
elspar
another name for cytoxan?
Cyclophosphamide
what is the MOA of the chemo drugs called alkylating agents?
Cause breaks and crosslinks in DNA
Which chemo drugs are alkylating agents?
Cisplatin,
cytoxan,
mustargen
another name for mustargen is:
Nitrogen mustard
what are antitumor antibiotics?
Chemo drugs that work by preventing normal DNA synthesis, by combining directly into DNA
examples of antitumor antibiotics are:
Actinomycin-D,
bleomycin,
doxorubicin, and
mitomycin-c
what are antimetabolites?
Chemo drugs that prevent nitrogenous bases from forming
are antimetabolites specific to any cell-cycle?
S phase
examples of antimetabolites are:
Methotrexate,
5-FU
how do the vinca alkaloids fcn?
Stop mitotic activity by interfering with formation of mitotic spindle
brand name for taxol:
Paclitaxel
what is the major chemo drug for treating breast cancer?
Tamoxifen
taxotere is used for which cancers (wikipedia)?
Breast,
ovarian, and
non-small cell lung ca
what is taxol used to treat?
breast cancer,
head and neck cancer,
lung,
ovarian,
advanced forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Which organs do you NEVER biopsy?
Kidney,
pancreas,
parotid,
testicles,
eyeball
Define aphasia:
Inability to speak
SPINAL CORD begins and ends where?
From
foramen magnum
to
L1-L2
which specific brain ca is associated with kids, and
which specific ca is associated with adults?
Medulloblastoma = kids;
ependymoma = adults
what is # 1 complaint for primary brain ca pts?
“seizure headaches”
what is cause of the headaches that primary brain cancer pts complain about?
Increased intracranial pressure
Primary brain ca pts complain of headaches. Headaches are cause by increased intracranial pressure.
What is the cause of the increased intracranial pressure?
caused by obstruction of the CSF that tries to leave the ventricular system
brand name for cyclophosphamide:
cytoxan
majority of primary brain tumors are what type of tumor?
Glioma
what is decadron?
and What is it used for?
Drug to control brain imflammation/swelling brought on by RT
what is the worst form of glioma?
What percentage of gliomas are this type?
Glioblastoma multiforme,
make up half of all gliomas
which brain ca is found mostly in children?
Medulloblastoma
which chemo drugs are used for medulloblastoma?
Cytoxan,
cisplatin,
etoposide,
vincristine
What is the ca that is the adults’ counterpart of medulloblastoma?
ependymoma
what is Collin’s Rule?
If pt is disease free for a period equal to their age at diagnosis, plus 9 months, then the pt is considered cured
which ca does Collin’s Rule apply to?
Medulloblastoma and
Wilm’s tumor
tx modalities for ependymoma
Surgery, chemo, RT
which chemo drugs can be used for ependymoma?
Cyclophosphamide,
vincristine,
cisplatin,
carboplatin,
etoposide
- what* Is the pineal gland?
- Where* is it located?
Small endocrine gland inside the brain
what does pineal gland produce?
melatonin
what is tx of choice for pituitary adenoma?
Surgery
what’s the name of the surgical procedure that’s usually used for pituitary adenoma?
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
What are “the TRUE ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCIES”?
SVC,
spinal cord compression, and
increased cranial pressure
what are other (non “true”) oncologic emergencies?
Malignant pleural effusion;
cardiac tamponade
what causes cardiac tamponade in cancer pts?
Infiltration of pericardium via mets can create effusion to cause tamponade
for which ca do we see mets to pericardium and pericardial effusion?
Pericardial mets and effusion are late complications of lung and breast cancers, also seen in leukemia and **lymphoma **
what is effusion? What are the two types of effusion fluid?
escape of fluid into a part (can be exudate or transudate)
what are characteristics of transudate?
Transudate =
high fluidity, low protein, low specific gravity (i.e., lower s.g. than exudate)
the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans is:
glioblastoma multiforme
what is exudate?
Fluid with high protein content and cellular debris
WIKI: any fluid that filters from the circulatory system and into lesions or areas of inflammation.
EXudate and TRANSudate have differences in protein content and specific gravity. Also, what’s the important physiological distinction between the two?
Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation.
what is meant by “cellular debris”?
fibrin,
fibrinogen,
WBC,
RBC
what stage are malignant pleural effusions classified as?
4
are pleural effusions considered oncologic emergencies?
to clarify: Malignant pleural effusions are oncologic emergencies. BUT, they are NOT “true oncologic emergencies”.
Are pleural effusions considered oncologic emergencies?
No.
Are pleural effusions transudate or exudate?
Exudate
The mets of which cancers make up 75% of pleural effusions?
Breast, lung, lymphoma mets make up 75 % of pleural effusions
what is pericardial rub?
Doc listening with stethoscope
around which vertebrae is the pericardial rub done?
T-5
what is the diagnostic procedure of choice to diagnose tamponade?
Echocardiography
what is the procedure to cure tamponade?
Pericardiocentesis
Name the 3 groups of nodes commonly involved in lung ca:
Ipsilateral hilar nodes, mediastinal nodes, supraclavicular nodes
what is SGOT? What does “SGOT” stand for?
Liver fcn test. It stands for serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
Give another name for SGOT :
AST
“AST” stands for:
Aspartate transaminase
List the liver fcn “tests” that you check for:
AST,
ALT,
bilirubin
SGPT stands for:
Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase
SGPT is a.k.a. ______.
another name for SGPT:
ALT
ALT stands for:
alanine aminotransferase
another name for oat cell ca?
small cell ca of the lung
another name for a Pancoast tumor?
Superior sulcus tumor
where is the Pancoast tumor located?
Upper apex of lung
what are the types of non-small cell ca?
Adenocarcinoma,
squamous, &
large cell
1.02 MeV is the minimum energy required for ___ to occur.
pair production
The probability of ___ depends on the Z^3 of the absorber material.
photoelectric effect
A man without ____ hormone is sterile
FSH
What’s the difference between oncotic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure?
Nothing.
The two terms refer to the same thing.
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
Pressure exerted by the proteins floating in your blood vessel’s plasma
The cells of the Graafian follicle produce [progesterone/estrogens/both/neither].
estrogen
Pancoast tumors metastasize via ____.
Lymphatics and blood
When a Pancoast tumor spreads, which lymph nodes are affected?
Hilum, mediastinum, supraclav, SVC, peribronchal, paratracheal
what is the medical term for profuse sweating?
Diaphoresis
What is Kwashiorkor?
What is its cause?
Type of malnutrition seen in kids with distended bellies,
caused by insufficient protein intake
list the stages of sperm development from baby to mature.
Spermatogonia,
spermatocyte,
spermatid,
sperm
break down rad/cGy into its SI components:
J/kg
1 Angstrom = ____ meters
= 10-10 m
what is the SI unit for Roentgens?
C/kg
what are halogenated pyrimidines?
radiation sensitizer
what is the MOST COMMON CA in MEN?
Prostate (actually, skin ca is the most common, but it’s so frequent it’s not counted)
what is ankylosing spondylitis? (the RT definition)
Inflammation of spine that can be tx with RT to relieve pain
what is the most common symptom of breast ca?
a palpable mass
what is the most common bone disease?
bone mets
what is the HVL of lead?
1.2 cm
what is the specific route of spread for uterine ca?
Parametrial,
obturator,
external iliacs,
hypogastric,
sacral, to
paraaortic
what is the hormone responsible for lactation?
Prolactin
what is the route of spread for prostate ca?
Obturator node, to internal iliac, to external iliac, to presacral
what is a SMAC?
Multi-fcn blood test to check for liver fcn, kidney, heart fcn
what does the prefix salpingo- refer to?
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
where is Virchow’s node located?
It is among the supraclavicular nodes
what are the 4 MAJOR glands that produce saliva?
Parotid,
submandibular,
submaxillary,
sublingual
what drains the saliva from parotid to oral cavity?
Stenson’s duct
what drains the submandibular glands?
Wharton’s duct
how does hodgkin’s spread? By lymph or blood?
both
what does increased levels of alk phos indicate?
May mean that liver or bone marrow has cancer
what is the largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
what is “Waldeyer’s ring”?
Anatomical term referring to the lymphoid tissue, i.e. the tonsils, in the pharynx:
2 palatine tonsils, lingual, tubal, and pharyngeal tonsils
what is tamponade?
Heart beats irregularly
what are Peyer’s patches?
WHERE are they found?
Lymph nodules found in ileum
what layer of the ileum are the Peyer’s patches found in?
Mucosal and submucosal layers
what is the most common malignancy of infants?
Neuroblastoma
another name for Wilm’s tumor?
Nephroblastoma
Which cancers are considered truly curable?
Larynx, cervical, and Hodgkin’s
lower 1/3 of esophagus has what histology? Adeno or squamous?
Adeno
what virus is seen in stomach cancer?
EBV
what is marasmus?
Cause?
Form of severe malnutrition caused by deficiency of all nutrients, especially protein and calories
Signs/Symptoms of marasmus:
marked by emaciated anorexic look with extensive tissue and muscle wasting
What is the Ampulla of Vater?
What does this structure travel/pass thru?
Union of pancreatic duct and common bile duct.
Ampulla of Vater leads through the sphincter of Oddi into duodenum
What, and Where is Santorini’s Duct?
Most people have just one pancreatic duct.
However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, called the Duct of Santorini, which bypasses the Ampulla of Vater, and connects directly to the duodenum
What ** **are acini cells, and where are they located?
Acini is plural for acinus.
Juice-secreting cells of an exocrine gland,
found in many organs including (but not limited to): stomach, pancreas, tongue, liver, mammary glands
which is the most common skin cancer?
Basal cell
What is parenchyma?
Cells characteristic of the organ
What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?
Mature lymphocytes,
erythroblasts,
some spermatogonia
What are the most radioRESISTANT cells of the body?
Chondrocytes,
muscle,
neurons
What are the 2 types of marrow?
red
yellow
Which marrow contains more stem cells?
red
What is the red marrow’s main job?
To provide mature functional cells to the circulation of blood
Where is red marrow found?
Ribs,
end of long bones,
vertebrae,
sternum, and
skull bones
What is precursor cell for RBC?
Erythroblast
What is the stem cell for some WBCs?
Myelocyte
What is the stem cell for platelets?
Megakaryocytes
where in the cell is the water located?
Mostly in the cytoplasm;
almost none in nucleus
What physically holds together a diploid chromosome?
CentroMERE
What is interphase?
The phase between mitosis.
What are the stages of interphase (in order)?
G1,
S,
G2
What are tRNA?
What do they do?
Combine with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attach them to ribosome
Is the nitrogenous base attached to sugar or phosphate?
Sugar
How many different chromosomes in the *somatic *human cell?
46
one CT scan is = how many X-ray plain films?
500
What is anaphylactic shock?
an overblown allergic reaction
What are COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES?
LIST them.
Colligative properties are DEPENDENT on the amount of the substance.
They are, namely:
elevation of boiling point and
lowering of freezing point
How is the boiling point affected if you reduce the external air pressure?
Lowers the boiling point
Define boiling point using the term ‘vapor pressure’.
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the applied pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid
What specific type of rxn takes place between a primary alkyl halide and sodium iodide, in acetone?
SN2
how do we synthesize alkyl halides?
Convert alcohol to alkyl halide with strong hydrogen halide
What’s the % error formula?
= (Theoretical – experimental / theoretical ) * 100
In orgo, what is the lucas test?
Alcohol + ZnCl2 + HCl →
R-Cl + H2O
what kind of alcohols react with lucas test?
Primary – never;
secondary – after 3-5 min;
tert – immediately
Strongly nucleophilic nucleophiles favor the [SN1 / SN2] rxn.
SN2
Which reaction takes place between alkyl halide and silver nitrate?
SN1
What indicates a positive chromic acid test?
green ppt
What do the interstitial cells of Leydig make?
testosterone
Where in the body is Progesterone made?
in the ovaries (by the corpus luteum),
the adrenal glands, and,
during pregnancy, in the placenta.
Where in the body is Estrogen made?
granulosa cells of the ovary.
Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts in the liver, adrenal glands, and the breasts. (These secondary sources of estrogens are especially important in postmenopausal women.) Fat cells produce estrogen as well.
