ARK 2nd midterm Flashcards
LANS AUX MEADOWS
6 things
Northernmost tip of newfoundland
Only undisputed archaeological evidence of Norse in North America
Carbon dating and tree-ring evidence : AD 990-1050
Occupied sporadically for 20 years
land was perfect but dipped because of scraelings (other people who lived there who arguements)
Discovered by Anne Stine Ingstad while looking for Vinland mentioned in Icelandic sagas
How do we know this is norse site in Lans Aux Meadows, what seperates it from claims of vikings in americas:
- Requires cold-weather adaptations and advanced knowledge of North Atlantic seafaring
- Icelandic Sagas had detailed information on voyages to Vinland and other parts of Maritimes
- Sod dwellings resemble known archaeological sites in Greenland associated with the Norse
- Over 800 Norse objects recorded from site
Kensington Runestone 5 things
Discovered by Olof Ohman 1898 in central Minnesota
Greywacke stone
records tale of scandinavian explorers in 14th Century
Edwards beleived that Olof ohman forged it for Scandinavian nationalism (true)
Walter thought made just before, so it was an artifact, just wasn’t made as far back as they thought
Mystery Hill 7
North Salem, New Hampshire
has stone structures and features
build by ancient Europeans (Irish Culdee monks)
Had Sacrificial Table:
Assumed to be sacrificial table but has no evidence of human blood, similar sacrificial tables in antiquity
Only “evidence” is that it looks like table
actually used as press to create apple cidar and soapes
Europeans in New World Before Columbus 3 things
Irish priest St. Brendan embarked on seven-year trip into Atlantic Ocean
Navigatio is story of saint brendan that was published into a book:
Wrote testament of saint Brendan coming to America not true cause no archeological evidence
Barry Fell, what did he disprove 3
St Brendan comming first to new world
Harvard marine biologist
provided apearing to be true evidence of explorations of Americas by Iberians (spain and portugal), Celtics, Greeks, ancient Hebrews, and Egyptians
overview of mound builders 6
Hypothesis as they believed people who were there weren’t smart enough to build these structures so there must have been another preceding society that was smart enough to build them
Hopewell Earthworks:
Consisted of burial mounds, astronomically-aligned geometric constructs, effigy mounds shaped as animals
Octagon Earthwork, apart of Newark Earthwork in Central Ohio:
60 hectares / 100 football pitches
Tracked 18.6 cycle of minimum and maximum lunar risings and setting on local horizon
Cahokia : The Paramount Center 7
Occupied from: AD 1000-1350, Cahokia (current Illinois)
Largest and best known Mississippian centers
Losers without allies and same ideology, combined forces and made Cahokia
Most-expansive pre-Columbian settlement
Sacred precinct where elites lives
Monks Mound:
Largest architectural monument north of Mexico
Cultural Evolution In The 19th Century 6, what did it assume, 4
Lewis Henry Morgan:
Ancient Society 1877
Suggested culture evolves progressively with stages of “technology”:
Savagery - Fishing, bow and arrow - aboriginals
Barbarism - Ceramics, domestication of plants and animals, metal working - Native Americans
Civilization - Writing, phonetic alphabet, creation of laws - Greeks, Europeans
Assumed:
Racialized worldview (some more civilized)
Justification for European Colonial Rule
Therefore assumed Indians incapable of the works of art that characterized mound-builder culture
Therefore thought to have been an ancient vanished American race
Grave Creek Stone
Discovered 1838 at Grave Creek Mound, West Virginia
Jesse and Abelard Tomlinson excavation
inscribed with 25 alphabet and pseudo alphabetical characters
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft first to examine, concluded contained a mix of Greek, Etruscan, Runic, Gallic, old Erse, Phoenician, Celtiberic
M.C. Reid studied stone and conducted experiment:
Ask 4 people create arbitrary characters
Characters resembled Old World alphabets
Concluded no reason beleive creek stone contained Old World inscriptions
David Oestreicher suggested inscription forged by James W. Clemens (loval physician who funded original excavations)
Source of inscriptions found in 18th century volume, “An Essay on the Alphabets of the Unknown Letters That are Found in the Most Ancient Coins and Monuments of Spain”
Newark Holy stones
Artifacts of stone bowl decalogue and keystone
found in Hopewell mounds with inscriptions
David Wyrick found decalogue that had writing in modern hebrew and they discredited, so he remade them in ancient hebrew because he wanted people to beleive the ancient people were from hebrew
Myth of vanieshed race
many people thought First nations werent connected to mound building culture. 5 arguments:
- Too primitive (couldnt produce stone metal and clay)
- More ancient than earliest remnants of Indian culture
- Bore inscriptions in European Asian and African alphabets
- Native people werent building mounds when first contacted by Europeans, and were ignorant of them when questioned
- there was materials in mound that were beyond tech knowledge of natives
Early Examinations of the Mounds
Thomas Jefferson :
President of US
One of first to Argue against “Lost Race” theory for origin of earthworks
Observing Monacan Indian ceremony on mound in Virginia
Associated the Monacans as descendants of mound builder culture
Directed excavation of Virginia Indian burial mound
Found artifacts/human remains from primary/secondary interments
Saw continuity btw cultural remains and existing Native groups
Cyrus Thomas and the Bae:
Prior to mound exploration he believed they were built by advanced race that no longer exists
Conducted a lot of research in many areas which became cornerstone of modern scientific archaeology, laying rest to myth of lost race of mound builders
His reports specifically addressed 5 questions
He also discredited the bat creek stone cause rendered poorly and was a mix of languages
Atlantis Squarepantis
legend attributed to Plato (appeared in his dialogues: Timaeus and Critias)
Used Atlantis as platonic dialogues to illustrate there ideas and characteristics of an ideal city-state
Atlantis is a plot device in story of Athens:
Timaeus is just the existence of atlantis and how they fought with athens
Critias:
Atlantis the antagonist is an empire gone bad
Its defeat is example of how perfect society can defeat the most powerful empire
Afterwards Atlantis disappeared into the depths of the sea after a single day and night of earthquakes and floods
LOOK AT COMET STRIKE
SAY RED FOR THIS TO KEEP GOING BACK
