Archy 329 Midterm 1 review

Question 1

epistemology

Answer 1

branch of philosphy concerned with the nature, scope, and limitations of knowledge (“awareness of facts”)

Question 2

assumptions of science

Answer 2

there is a real and knowable universe

the universe operates according to laws

the law are immutable (stay constant usually no matter where or when)

the laws can be studied, revealed, and understood

Question 2

what questions does epistemology adress

Answer 2

1. what is knowledge
2. how is knowledge acquired
3. how do we know what we know, in archy or any other field of science
4. how does anyybody know anything to be actual truthful or real

Question 3

the scientific process

Answer 3

observation

induction

deduction

testing

Question 4

what is observation

Answer 4

process of receiving knowledge of the natural world using our senses or recording information via scientifc tools or instruments

Question 5

what is induction

Answer 5

arguing from specific observations to generalities to form probable conclusions

Question 6

what is deduction

Answer 6

arguing from generalities to specifics to form certain conclusions

Question 7

what is testing

Answer 7

use of scientific methods to form inferences (hypotheses) about phenomena and deduce and predict more observable facts

Question 8

what two things are hypotheses

Answer 8

falsifiable and testable

Question 9

science vs pseudoscience

Answer 9

science hypotheses are testable and falsifiable

science follows rules of logic and rules of evidence

pseudoscience doesnt do either of those things

Question 10

scientific debate: controversies within science

Answer 10

scientists do not always agree on the quality, relevance and interpretation of evidence used to support an assertion of fact

accumulated of informaiton to arrive at the best or most likely conclusion

aplways open to scrutiny, continued research

hypothesis

theory

Question 11

hypothesis

Answer 11

an assertion about the world

Question 12

theory

Answer 12

a hypothesis that has been extensively tested and has yet to be proven false

Question 13

Ignaz Semmelweis, what did he do

Answer 13

the two hospitals in vienna, fixed childbed fever issue

Question 14

what were ignaz semmelweis’ hypotheses for the problems and what was the results

Answer 14

overcrowding, no change

position while giving birth, no change

women upset by priest giving last rites, no change

student doctors rough than experienced ones, no change

Question 15

what was ignaz semmelweis’ final discovery and solution

Answer 15

his friend died from similar symptons to the childbed fever while he was accidentally cut during an autopsy, he discovered that something in the dead bodies was being transmitted to the mothers because doctors werent washing their hands

Question 16

psuedoscience checklist

Answer 16

does the source cite “experts” who make polit innocuous, but otherwise meaningless statmeents about the artifact in question

does the source cite “experts” but exagerate their credentials (PhD’s from uncredited institutions

does the source cite experts whose credentials are unrelated to the claims being made (einstein was science not geologist)

does the source cite experts whose previous extreme claims/ unethical behavior are not mentioned or cited

does the source make definitive statements about age of artificant without any supporting data

does the source make what appear to be definitve stateents about the culture of the artifact without any supporting data

does the source make arguments about the artifact that that make little or no sense but sound authoritative

does the source make assertions about appearance of an artifact that has very little relationship to what’s there (pareidolia)

does the source preface most claims with phrases like “maybe” “if” or “image” “could be” or perhaps” and then present detailed scenarious about antiquity, all of which require acceptance of the original speculation which is never tested or proven

does the source make demands such as “if i am wrong let the scientists prove it”

Question 17

pareidolia

Answer 17

tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern

Question 18

what do extraordinary claims require

Answer 18

extraordinary evidence

Question 19

popular claims of ancient giants

Answer 19

nine ten feet tall, maybe even 20-30 feet

these giants might be the philim referred to in the old testament as the offspring between fallen angels and humans

or maybe the watchers, talking about in the Book of Enoch, written about 2,300 years ago

Question 20

setting of cardiff giant

Answer 20

Several years after the American Civil Ware, a Hamlet call Cardiff in Onondaga County, Upstate New York

this portion of Upstate New York was known for its share of strange encounters and tales, including joseph smith’s golden plates given to him by the angel moroni

the onondaga people were part of the iroquois confederacy, considered this area their traditional homeland, had a tradition involving a mythological rock giant known as stone coat, twice as tall as normal humans and with skin as hard as stone

Question 21

the find of the cardiff

Answer 21

William “stub” newell came across it after digging a well with his workers, found it 3 ft deep

claims the body appeared to be petrified or turned to stone in his eternal slumber

Question 22

who were the ones who visited cardiff considered him an ancient statue or a hoax who were the three who called it out

Answer 22

professional scientists, geologists, paleontologists, and artists all visited. J.F. Boyton, geologist from U of Pennsylvania, Othniel C. Marsh, paleontologist at yale, and James Hall and Henry A. Ward

Question 23

who was behind the cardiff giant

Answer 23

george hull, a devout atheist

Question 24

why did george hull do the hoax

Answer 24

either money or to mock a man he had a heated conversation with. the man was a methodist minister centred on biblical stories concerning an ancient race of giant men

Question 25

what role did biblical accounts of giants play in the public response to cardiff

Answer 25

nephilim: mysterious race of people referenced in the hebrew bible, loosely translated a giants in some versions of the work, and subsequent translations of christina old testament

may be a mistranslation because other hebrew texts refer to the nephilim as the offspring of fallen angels and humans

most common reference in genesis 6:4: when nephilim were on earth in those day and also afterward when the sons of God came into the daughters of man, and they bore children to them

other famous biblical references include the defeat of Goliath by young david in the book of samuel, this is also in the quran but under the arabic name jalut

for christian fundamentalists the find of the cardiff giant reaffirmed the authenticity of the naritives in genesis and other portions of old testament

Question 26

gigantism

Answer 26

very rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children and adolescents manifested in increased height. caused by high levels of growth harmone usually as a result of a tumor on the pituitary gland

Question 27

acromegaly

Answer 27

similar to gigantism but diagnosed in adults aged 30-50, commonly leads to abnormal growth of the hands feet and face, tends to progress slowly and early signs not obvious

Question 28

rules for a successful archaeological hoax

Answer 28

give the people what they want to see

dont be too succesfull, let other people get credit too

learn from your mistakes

Question 29

Darwin’s theory

Answer 29

Lampponed by the press and considered controversial for its challenge to Genisis in the Bible but broadly embrace by educators and intellectuals, it sparked enthusiastic searches for remains of ancestral species

Question 30

What did Dubois find

Answer 30

Java Man, the braincase of a fossil human, discovered in 1891, 700,000 years old

Question 31

what type of specimen is java man

Answer 31

homo erectus

Question 32

Charles Dawson, who was he

Answer 32

Amateur sceintist, antiquarian and fossil collector during 19th and 20th century

co founder of several museum associations with Great Britian including Hastings and St. Leonards

named fellow at the geological society and soceity of antiquaries of london

Question 33

charles dawson what did he do

Answer 33

discovered the first piltdown fossils in 1908, the four more skull pieces in 1911, almost always responsible for the finds related to piltdown

Question 34

what was discovered about Dawson

Answer 34

his find was a human skull and ape mandible

Question 35

who exposed the truth behind dawsons discovery

Answer 35

David Waterson, then Marcellin Boule, then Gerrit Smith Miller Jr

Question 36

who helped Dawson hunt for fossils

Answer 36

Woodward

Question 37

who supported woodward and what was he known for

Answer 37

Grafton Elliot Smith, the champion of the big brain, high domed brain case, primitive jaw paradigm for human evolution

Question 38

piltdown skull because the new paradigm because of its:

Answer 38

people were looking for a large brain and primitive ape like jaw

Question 39

the Taung Baby

Answer 39

skull of a child found in South Africa, supported the primitve skull paradigm

Question 40

who exposed Dawson

Answer 40

Kenneth Oakley, dated the bones by fluorine testing, the jaw and teeth were not the same age as the skull and were not even fossils, just bones

Question 41

key questions of Who discovered America

Answer 41

when was the Bering land bridge available

when was there an ice free corridor

how old are the oldest sites in serbia

how old are the oldest sites in the new world

what makes an archaeological hypothesis or site controversial or dubious in terms of the first americans

Question 42

the bering land bridge

Answer 42

connected eastern Siberia to the North American plate during the much of last Ice Age

new evidence indicates that the land bridge only formed 35,700 years ago

the land bridge was passable between approximately 10-28000 years ago

greatest extended, measured up to 1500 kms and supported numerous megafauna

end of the last ice age, rising sea levels due to glacial melt slowly submerged the connection, forming the bering seat between the arctic and pacific oceans

Question 43

paleoindian finds

Answer 43

clovis: 12,700-13,400 years ago, named for distincetive stone and bone toold industry, used to hunt now extinct pleistocene megafaunce, thought these were the first people in america until…

Preclovis 13,400-24,000 years ago. Small but growing body of evidence for earlier populations that predate clovis. Different lithic industry. mainly pacific coast of the americas,others in northern alaska and yukon

Question 44

tracing people by their DNA

Answer 44

Molecular Archaeology: involves the metaphorical excavation of information hidden deep within the genes of living people

to connect modern groups of humasn to its initial population source, these archaeologists of our chromosomes sift through the genetic map of living people to determine which groups share unique codes

so many possible clusters and variants, virtual certainty that those living groups who share the same clusters of minor differences must share biological ancestors whom they inherited it

Question 45

the solutrean hypothesis

Answer 45

suggests that the earliest humans entered the americas not from beringia but from europe, traveling in skin or wooden boats along pack ice in atlantic ocean

first put forward in the 1970s and gained support by 2010s by archaeologists dennis stanford and bruce bradley

almost exclusively based on similarities in lithic technology between the solutrean and clovis cultures

Question 46

critiques of solutrean hypothesis

Answer 46

solutrean 5000 years older than clovis

lack of archeological evidence

technological difficulty of open ocean travel

similarities between solutrean and north american technologies overstated

all genetic evidence, include paleoindian remains from eastern parts of America, do not show any links to solutrean populations

neo-nazis and other racist groups were quick to adopt the hypothesis to assert claims of early european development in americas over that of indigenous americans

Question 47

three basic themes of peopling of the new world

Answer 47

evolutionary: first nations evolved from earlier species of hominins in the western hemisphere

religious: how revelations of the pre columbian colonization of the new world by people of the biblical tradition advances understand god’s historical mission among people

historical: how why and when ancient civilized explorers colonized the new world before 1492 and how amazing facts in the archaeological record, particularly artifacts with fantastic inscriptions on them explain pre columbian arrivals