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LSAT > Arguments 2.1-2.3 > Flashcards

Arguments 2.1-2.3 Flashcards

Conclusion ID LSAT LANGUAGE arguments 2.1-2.3 analyzing concs also includes cross section modules 3.1 - 3.2

1
Q

When “principle” is in the q stem

A

If p is in the ac then you know you have an assumption based question

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2
Q

If “principle” is in the argument

A

then you know that the arg supports 1 of the ac
Inference question

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3
Q

3 synonyms of “principle”

A

Proposition, generalization, policy

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4
Q

Four pure conclusion words

A

Hence, therefore, thus and so

they are strong ID words in assumption based ?

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5
Q

What is the info immediately before conclusion words

A

It is usually the evidenc e

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6
Q

Tricky conclusion-evedence words

A

After all and for

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7
Q

Assume (verb)

A

To take something as true without proof

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8
Q

since EVIDENCE, CONCLUSION because EVIDENCE, CONCLUSION

A

l

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9
Q

CONCLUSION since EVIDENCE
CONCLUSION beacuase EVIDENCE

A

Traditional evidence conc words
only trust in assumption based questions in MP they are used as misdirexctions

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10
Q

Tiricky words

A

after all for

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11
Q

Anti conclusion ID

A

I disagree, youre wrong, youre misktaken

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12
Q

Where is the conclusion and evidence located in a tricky conclusion evidence words?

1

A

CONC after all EVID
CONC for EVID

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13
Q

Chatty Language

A

Clearly indeed, how good to know

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14
Q

Positive APOV Chatty Language

A

Perhaps, obviously, indeed

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15
Q

Negative APOV chatty language

A

As plausible as this may sound, superficially this theory seems to explains

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16
Q

1% weak words

A

are subjective or permissive words

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17
Q

What are examples of subjective words?

1% weak

A
  • useful, important: at least some value
  • sometimes, often, occasionally: at least once
  • some, many, several, numerous, a lot, much, a few: at least one
  • easy, difficult
  • significant, substantial
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18
Q

what are subjective words?

A

they are 1% weak words and they have different meanings depending on the context. such words are open to interpretation thus contribute little meaninging on their own
subjective language tells you that we do in fact have at least one

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19
Q

Permissive words

A

allow something to happen providing at lease a 1% chance however permissive language does not tell us that something does in fact happen at least once it is also a weak 1% word

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20
Q

Examples of permissive words

A
  • can, may, could, able to, eligible, available
  • permit, allow, right (as in the right to do something)
  • consistent, compatible
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21
Q

Positive 51% words

A

tell us that something is true at least 51% of the time, or for at least 51% of a subset, or that there is at least a 51% chance. These words include the possibility of 100%.

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22
Q

Positive 51% words examples

A
  • Probably, likely: at least 51% chance
  • Most, majority, tends to, tendency, usually: at least
    51% of the time
  • Preponderance: at least 51% of the weight or evidence
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23
Q

Negative 51% word

A

tell us that something is NOT true at least 51% of the time, or for at least 51% of a subset, or that there is a 0-49% chance. These words include the possibility of 0%.

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24
Q

Negative 51% word Examples

A

unlikely: 0-49% chance
* minority, rarely, seldom, few: 0-49% of the time

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25
Q

99.5% phrases

A

tell us that something is true at least 99.5% of the time. These phrases include the possibility of 100%.

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26
Q

99.5% phrases Examples

A
  • Almost all, almost always, almost exclusively
  • Nearly all, nearly always
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27
Q

0.5% phrases

A

tell us that something is true 0-0.5% of the time. These phrases include the possibility of 0%.

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28
Q

0.5% phrases examples

A
  • Almost never, almost none
  • Little (e.g little use, little reason
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29
Q

what percentages are absolute strong words

A

100% and 0%

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30
Q

100% terms

A

are VERY strong, since they indicate exactly 100% — not a smidge less.

31
Q

100% terms Examples

A
  • All, always, inevitably
  • eventually, gradually
  • confirm, affirm, demonstrate, prove
  • is, are, was, will, did
  • entails, consists of, composed of
32
Q

What strength are if then statements?

A

If-Then Statements are 100% terms.
* Only, only if, unless
* each, any, every, all
* Definitions can serve as if-then statements. Think about it. If you meet the definition, then you are that thing.

33
Q

0% terms

A

are VERY strong, since they indicate exactly 0% — not a smidge more.

34
Q

0% terms examples

A
  • none, no
  • never
  • disprove
35
Q

what are necessary term examples

A
  • critical, crucial, underlies
  • guarantee
36
Q

what percentage are necessary terms

A

they are 100% terms

37
Q

Inherently Strong Language (100%)

A
  • Inherent, intrinsic, by nature, fundamentally: Indicates a permanent characteristic
  • Steal: To take someone else’s property with the intent to permanently deprive that person of the property
  • Lie: Intentionally presenting a falsehood as if it were true
  • Revolutionize: you are the FIRST one to do it and you have followers
  • Modeled Upon: An attempt to copy someone else’s work and execute it in reality
  • Indefinitely: For-e-ver
  • Eventually: 100% chance in the future
38
Q

Causality

A

is a type of strong language. Causality indicates that one thing increases the risk or increases the likelihood that another thing will happen. But, causality does not necessarily imply a 100% relationship. In fact, some causal words are quite weak, despite the fact that causality is a strong concept.

39
Q

Straight up Causal Terms

casality

A

directly indicate a cause and effect.

40
Q

Straight up Causal Terms Examples

type of causality

A
  • results in, results from
  • affect, effect, effective, influence
  • cause, causes, causal
  • produce, leads to
41
Q

Verb of change

causality

A

indicate that one thing changes another.

42
Q

Verb of change examples

type of causality

A
  • promotes, benefits, induces, boost, raise
  • solve, solution
43
Q

Blame

Type of causality

A

words indicate that one thing is responsible for producing a given result.

44
Q

Blame words example

type of causality

A
  • genetic predisposition, predisposes * responsible for
  • successful
  • explains, explanation
  • enable
45
Q

Comparison

A

compares two things
* More, less, higher, lower, taller, shorter, faster,
slower, worse, better, etc.
* Similar

46
Q

are comparasons strong or weak langauge?

A

To draw a comparison, we need to provide quite a bit of information — information about both options in the comparison. Lots of information translates to difficult to prove, hence comparisons are strong language.

47
Q

Recomendation

Is an example of a comparason

A

Asserts that one option is better than the alternatives

48
Q

Recommendation examples

Is an example of a comparason

A
  • Should, ought, need to
49
Q

Net Effect

Is an example of a comparason

A

Compares all positives to all negatives
and shows the overall balance

50
Q

Net effect examples

Is an example of a comparason

A

profit, total, sum, overall

51
Q

superlative

Is an example of a comparason

A

asserts that one option is better (worse, higher, lower) than ALL of the alternatives

52
Q

superlative examples

Is an example of a comparason

A
  • Primary, best, worst, highest, lowest, the most,
    foremost, chief, main, at the heart, the key
  • First, last, earliest, latest,
  • Original, invented, discover
53
Q

Equal

Is an example of a comparason

A

Asserts that two things are exactly exactly the same

54
Q

equal examples

Is an example of a comparason

A

identical, equal, the same, indistinguisable

55
Q

strong recomendations (comparisons)

Is an example of a comparason

A

you better do something or else there will be consequences

56
Q

strong recommendation (comparason) examples

Is an example of a comparason

A

shall, duty, obligation

57
Q

overrepresent

Is an example of a comparason

A

Compares a subgroup to the general population; A subgroup is overrepresented in a category when their percentage of that category is greater than their percentage of the general population.

58
Q

underrepresent

Is an example of a comparason

A

Compares a subgroup to the general population; A subgroup is underrepresented in a category when their percentage of that category is smaller than their percentage of the general population.

59
Q

Same

A

IDENTICAL; NO difference whatsoever

60
Q

Similar

A

At least one thing in common

61
Q

Reality terms

A

Actual, actuality, truth
* Demonstrated, observed, observation, show, shown

62
Q

thought vs reality words

Belief terms

thought

A

Belief, think, claim, consider, purport
* Concern, value (verb)
* Prejudice, bias, ideology, judgement, objective (adjective)

63
Q

thought concepts of belief

belief

A

Does NOT indicate TRUTH in reality Does NOT indicate intent
Simply indicates a person’s belief

64
Q

Thought concepts of intent

intent

A

Does NOT indicate TRUTH in reality
Does not indicate that someone believes that
something will happen
Simply tells us the intent or want of the person in question

65
Q

intent terms

A
  • Intend, want, hope, wish
  • Goal, objective, plan, purpose, agenda, objective (noun)
  • Intent, motive
  • In order to, to (i.e. “She went to school to earn a degree.”)
  • Attempt, try
  • Disguise, hide, conceal
66
Q

knowledge terms

A
  • Know
  • Knowledge, ignorance
  • Admit, acknowledge, recognize, realize
  • Confirm, affirm
  • Grant, concede
67
Q

thought concept

knowledge

A

This represents the intersection of thought and reality.
Knowledge implies TRUTH in reality and BELIEF in the person’s mind

68
Q

Concern:

A

At least one person thought about it at least one time for at
least one millisecond

69
Q

Classic Percentage Terms

A
  • Probably, likely, tends to, usually, probability
  • More likely
70
Q

rate terns

A
  • Prone,
  • Safety, Danger, accident/fatality rate
  • Fractions
  • Recommendation that implies that one option
    is more likely to produce a given result
71
Q

RAW NUMBERS TERMS

A
  • Fewer, more than
  • Frequency, number
  • Specific Numbers, such as 150, two-hundred * Anything that we can count
72
Q

Degrees

A

The extent to which a characteristic is present; a comparison of one thing relative to another; relative intensity

73
Q

What is the Q-type??? Which one of the following, if true, most helps to account for the response of auto safety experts to the populatiry of SUVs?

LSAT (11 decks)

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