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Biology BC 1&2 > Area of Study 4 Dynamic Ecosystems > Flashcards

Area of Study 4 Dynamic Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A system of organisms interacting with one another and their non-living surroundings

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2
Q

Community

A

A group of different species living together and interacting with one another in a particular habitat

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3
Q

Habitat

A

A physical place where and organism lives

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4
Q

Biotic factor

A

The influences of the living parts of a ecosystem

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5
Q

Abiotic factors

A

The influences of the non-living parts of the ecosystem

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6
Q

What are the considerations in naming an ecosystem

A

1-Use the name of the major abiotic factor e.g Sand dune, open ocean
2-The dominant species e.g eucalyptus forest, mangrove swamp
3-A description of the plant community using a combination of the tallest or most dominant plant and the percentage sunlight coverage of the canopy e.g closed forest

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7
Q

Open ecosystem

A

Can have species going in and out of the ecosystem

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8
Q

Closed ecosystem

A

Are relatively self contained and do not require any external input to preserve the species with in it.

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9
Q

predation

A

The preying of other species

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10
Q

Competition

A

A type of behaviour that occurs between organisms competing for resources.

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11
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship existing between organisms of different species that live together and function in close association with one another

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12
Q

What are the types of symbiosis

A

Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

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13
Q

What are the types of competition

A

Inter and intra specific

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14
Q

Ecology

A

The study of reaction ships between organisms and their environment

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15
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition that exists between members of different species.

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16
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition that exists between members of the same species

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17
Q

Prey switching

A

A behaviour of predators with multiple prey species to switch to the species that is more abundant in population.

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18
Q

give examples of adaptations that prey have made to identify, locate, and capture their prey
And give a species that would use it

A

Filter feeding~whale for krill
Co-ordinated group attack~Wolfs hunting
Use of tools~black-breasted buzzard, breaks open eggs
Speed to our run prey~cheetah to catch gazelle
Binocular vision~ most predators have this for better spatial awareness
Traps and lures~spiders to catch insects
Camouflage~owls in trees

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19
Q

Counter adaptations

A

An adaption made by the species to combat being detected subdued and eaten by a predator.

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20
Q

Give examples of counter adaptations
And
Give examples of organisms who use them

A 
Camouflage~Stick insect
Visual deception~butterflies (false eyes)
Large groups~meerkats  
Chemical defences~ skunk
Venom~scorpion
Weaponry~elk
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21
Q

Batesain mimicry

A

A form of mimicry in which a harmless species mimics the colours and patterns of a toxic species

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22
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

A form of mimicry in which a unpalatable species seem to resemble each other, this is done using the warning colours: Yellow, orange and or black

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23
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which a organism benefits at the cost of harm to another organism

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24
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Parasites that live externally on the host.

Ticks

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25
Q

Endoparasites

A

Parasites that live within the host organism.

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26
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both parties are benefited in some way.

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27
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

A type of mutualism in which to species can not survive with out each other

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28
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

A mutualism if relationship in which organisms do not completely rely on each other for survival

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29
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited while the other is not effected

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30
Q

Antibiosis

A

Describes chemical inhibition of one organism by the other.

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31
Q

Allelopathy

A

A process where plants release toxic compounds that inhibit growth of other plants.

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32
Q

Autotoxicity

A

A process where a parent plant inhibits the growth of its own seedlings through toxic compounds.

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33
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms from the same species occupying the same geographical area

34
Q

Distribution

A

Geographic range over which individuals in the population live

35
Q

Density

A

Number of organisms per unit area

36
Q

Abundance

A

The actual number of individuals in a population

37
Q

Population dynamics

A

Populations are dynamic and can change from season to season

38
Q

Population growth rate

A

The change in total population size by unit time

39
Q

What are the factors in population change?

A

Death, Births, Migration(Immigration, Emmigration)

40
Q

Death rate

A

The number of individuals dying per unit time

41
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of births per unit time

42
Q

Migration

A

The movement of organisms into(immigration) and out of(emigration) the population

43
Q

How do you calculate population growth

A 
Growth rate=(B+I)-(D+E)
B- Birth rate
I- Immigration
D- Death rate
E- Emigration
44
Q

Population density

A

Number of individuals per unit area or volume in aquatic environments. Can be low or high

45
Q

Population distribution

A

Describes the location of individual with in an area

46
Q

What are the three types of distribution?

A

Random
Clumped
Uniform

47
Q

Random distribution

A

Where organisms position them selves independently of others but not necessarily isolated from others.

48
Q

Clumped distribution

A

The most common in nature where organisms gather together in groups

49
Q

Uniform distribution

A

Where individuals are evenly space apart usually happens by chance

50
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The extent to which an environment can cater for organisms that live in it.

51
Q

Exponential growth

A

Occurs when no limit to organisms is applied

52
Q

What is another name for exponential growth

A

Population explosions

53
Q

Ecological niche

A

Describes a function or role that an organism plays in its ecosystem

54
Q

What does the ecological niche comprise of?

A

The Habitat that the organism lives in
The organisms activity pattern: the periods of time in which an organism is active
The resources that an organism has in its habitat

55
Q

The fundamental niche

A

The full range of conditions under which organisms can exist.

56
Q

Realised niche

A

The niche that the organism actually exist under. It is more narrow than the fundamental niche

57
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Animal species that share the same ecosystems, differ in food, use of space and timing of activities

58
Q

Producers

A

Any organism that produces its own food.

Most commonly known as plants (carnivorous plants do this as they produce glucose)

59
Q

Consumers

A

Any organism other than producers, the must eat their food for a source of energy

60
Q

How does energy enter the ecosystem, stay in the system then leave the system.

A

Light energy, to Chemical energy, to Heat energy

61
Q

What are autotrophs and heterotrophs equivalent of?

A

Auto-producer

Hetero-consumer

62
Q

Biomass

A

The dry weight of a given species in an ecosystem

63
Q

Primary production

A

The rate at which primary producers convert light energy into chemical energy

64
Q

What are the depending factors in primary productivity

A

Light intensity, nutrient availability, water, mineral supply, temperature

65
Q

What is the general tropic order of an ecosystem?

And what do the arrows in this chart show?

A

Producer➡️herbivore➡️carnivore➡️carnivore

The arrows show the flow of chemical energy

66
Q

Food web

A

A diagram which shows all the interrelated food chains within an ecosystem

67
Q

Name the different components of a food chain/web

A 
Producer
Consumer
-Herbivore
-Carnivore
-Scavenger 
-Omnivore
Detritivore
Decomposer
68
Q 
What exists at each of these tropic levels? Give their source of energy
First
Second
Third
Fourth
A

First: Producers, Sun
Second: Primary consumers, First tropic level
Third: Secondary consumers, Second tropic level
Fourth: Tertiary consumers, Third tropic level

69
Q

What is the energy the is passed on to the consumers used for?

A

growth, movement and reproduction

70
Q

What are the types of ecological pyramids?

A

Numbers, Biomass, Energy

71
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

The amount ,in percent, of energy passed on from one tropic level to the next

72
Q

What is the 10% Law?

A

It states that when considering ecological efficiency that the total energy content of a trophic level in an ecosystem is only about one-tenth that of the preceding level.

73
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

The size of each tier is proportional the the individuals in the ecosystem

74
Q

Pyramid of Biomass

A

Each tier represents the amount of dry organic weight in the ecosystem

75
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

The size of each tier is proportional to the amount of energy produced in the ecosystem p

76
Q

Biomagnification

A

The increase in concentration of chemicals, such as DDT and Dieldrin, in tissues of organisms in a food chain

77
Q

Lipophillic

A

Dissolves in or mixes in evenly with lipids

78
Q

DDT

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrchloroethane

An organic chloride substance

79
Q

Biodegradable

A

Refers to a substance that can be broken down by natural means

80
Q

Detritivore

A

An organism that depends on particles of material derived from dead organisms as an energy source

81
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down complex molecules in to simple ones for a energy source

82
Q

Matter cycles

A

The processes by which matter is reused in the ecosystem

Biology BC 1&2 (4 decks)

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