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Biology BC 1&2 > Area of study 1 Cells > Flashcards

Area of study 1 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Specialisation

A

Cells of multicellular organisms are often specialised to form particular functions.

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

The theory that all living things are composed of cell or the products of cells and that cells are the basic unit of life.

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3
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The enzymic process by which the energy of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids (derived from food or from photosynthesis) are converted into carbon dioxide, water and energy.
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+36ATP

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4
Q

Cellulose

A

The chemical composition of the cell wall of plants

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5
Q

Centrioles

A

Two rod-like structures made of microtubules at right angles to each other, involved in moving chromosomes apart during cell division (mitosis)
-Only found in animal cells

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6
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The pigment responsible for absorbing the energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis

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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

A large organelle 5-10um. They have an external membrane and layers of internal membrane. They covert light to chemical energy using pigments to trap chlorophyll.

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8
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastics containing coloured pigments but no chlorophyll. Found in flowers, coloured leaves, fruits and roots.

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

A structure containing proteins and a single DNA molecule that carries genetic information.

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10
Q

Cell

A

The most basic structural and functional unit of an organism. I

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

The system of membrane lined cavities in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells that is the site of protein synthesis
Smooth
Transports lipids and carbohydrates
Rough
Transports proteins and has Ribosomes on its surface

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12
Q

Enzyme

A

A substance, usually a protein the increases the rate at which a biochemical reaction takes place

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell classification that has the sub kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi.
It has a complex internal structure with:
-membrane bound organelles
-Nucleus

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14
Q

Cilia

A

An organelle that are found on the outside of the cell and are used for locomotion or movement of liquid over the cells surface.

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of a cell other than the nucleus.

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16
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

The controlled, directional movement of cytoplasm the facilitates movement of substance of the cell

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The network of microtubles and microfilaments found in Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Cytosol

A

The soluble, gel-like part of the cytoplasm

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19
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
A double stranded nucleic acid molecule composed of repeating neucleotide bases of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine which contains the coded information for the production of proteins.

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20
Q

Electron Microscope

A

A device used to amplify sides and images using beams of electrons to form a photographic image, hence all the images are black and white. All the cells used on this are dead due to the film require to see the cell through the microscope.

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21
Q

Flagellum

A

Long tentacle like structures that assist the cell in moving. There is usually 1-3 flagella attached to a cell.

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A flat membrane sandwich that packages molecules to be sent out of the cell by secretion and is important in secretory cells.

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23
Q

Intracellular

A

A term used to refer to the inner of the cell.

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24
Q

Leucoplasts

A

A category of plastids that contain no colour pigment.

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25
Amyloplasts
A leucoplast that stores starch and has no pigment.
26
Light microscope
A device used to amplify a slide using light from the electromagnetic spectrum.
27
Lysosomes
A membrane bound organelle of an animal cell that contains hydrolytic enzymes
28
Microfilaments
A thread like structure made of protein that is involved in various forms of cellular movements. E.g cytoplasmic streaming, cell division.
29
Micrometer
A unit of measurement that is one millionth of a metre 10^-6 Abbreviated as μm
30
Microtubules
Hollow, cylindrical tubes that act as scaffolding to determine the cells shape
31
Mitochondria
An organelle that is he cite of cellular respiration and there for creates energy for the cell.
32
Multicellular organism
Organisms having more than one cell, that can specialise in the way each cell/tissue/organ does a particular job.
33
Nanometre
A unit of measurement that is equal to 10^-9 or a billionth of a metre. It is shown as nm
34
Nuclear membrane
Also called nuclear envelope | The phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus within the cell
35
Nucleolus
A dark stained sub organelle with in the nucleus.
36
Nucleus
An organelle bound by a double membrane found within eukaryotic cells
37
Organ
A structure made up of different or same tiles of tissue that performs one or a number of specific functions within the body.
38
Organelle
A structure with in cells that perform a specialised metabolic
39
Photosynthesis
A two stage process in which plants trap light in the chloroplast organelle and changing it into the cells food. 6*CO2+12*H2O=C6H12O6+6*O2+6*H2O
40
Plasma membrane
a microscopic membrane of phospholipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
41
Plastids
A collective term used to describe certain organelles within a plant cell. They include: Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.
42
Prokaryotes
An classification of cells, they are usually found to be unicellular, do not have DNA enclosed in a nucleus, and do not have membrane bound organelles.
43
Ribosome
An organelle involved with protein synthesis of polypeptide.
44
Spindle fibres
Structures that control the movement of the chromosomes form the equator of the cell, they form in mitosis and meiosis.
45
System
A collection of organs and tissues in the body of a multicellular organism that work together as a unit to carry out particular functions
46
Tissue
A group of cells that are similar in arrangement, size and shape and carry out one or more functions in the body.
47
Vacuole
A membrane bound organelle that contains fluids such as: | Sap: dissolved amino acids, plant pigments and sugars
48
Vesicle
A membrane bound sac found within cells that plays a role in the distribution, organisation, and transport of substances both outside and within the cell
49
Active site
A place on a enzyme that binds to the substrate to break down or put together molecules
50
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate | A molecule used to get energy to the cell, by breaking apart its high energy bonds to make ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)
51
Amino acids
A nitrogen based compound that is the building block of all protein.
52
Carbohydrates
A class of compounds that contain C,H, and O and a stereotypically in the ration of C6H12O6
53
Denatured
When enzymes are exposed to high temperatures or an environment with a higher(alkaline) or lower(acidic) pH than usual, they lose their ability to function. This is due to the enzymes active site being distorted and unable to hold the chemicals.
54
Enzyme-substrate complex
When a enzyme and substrate become bound on the active site, this is when it is called the complex
55
Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes produced by the cell to complete tasks for the outside of the cell. E.g digestive acid for the stomach lining
56
Extracellular fluid
The fluid surrounding and bathing the cell
57
Fatty acids
An organic acid that combines with glycerol to form fat
58
Glycerol
A molecule that combines with three fatty acids to for a fat
59
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is a major storage product of glucose in animals.
60
Hydrophilic
Water loving
61
Hydrophobic
Water hating
62
Inorganic
Substances that are not synthesised by living things.
63
Lipid
A group of high energy molecules composed of C, H, O, N, and P It includes: fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
64
Lock and Key Mechanism/model
A theory that the active site of an enzyme has a fixed structure (Lock) and a specific substrate to go on it (Key).
65
Mineral
A inorganic element required by both plants and animals as a nutrient. For example :iron(helps increase attention span, and deceased likely hood of infections)
66
Monosaccharide
A carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule.
67
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate consisting of two sugar molecules
68
Cholesterol
A type of lipid found in cell membranes, helps to increase its flexibility.
69
Nucleotides
A sub unit of nucleic acids, that has a distinct structure composed of 5-carbon sugars, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
70
Organic
A molecule that has been synthesised from a living thing.
71
pH
A measure of acidity(low pH) or alkalinity(high pH)
72
Phospholipid bilayer
The double layer of phospholipids, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails that create the plasma membrane of cells
73
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate consisting of many sugar molecules
74
Polyunsaturated fat
A type of fat containing many double bonds between many carbon atoms
75
Products
What is made after a chemical reaction has taken place they are on the right side
76
Protein
A macromolecule made on amino acids
77
Saturated fats
A type of fat containing single bonds between carbon atoms
78
Solvent
A substance which another substance can be dissolved in
79
Solute
A substance that is dissolved into a solvent
80
RNA
Ribonucleic acid | A single stranded nucleic acid composed of repeating nucleotides: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil.
81
Starch
A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is important for storing energy in plants
82
Substrate
A substance on which an enzyme acts
83
Triglyceride
The proper term for simple lipids containing H,O,C atoms
84
Vitamins
An organic compound needed by animals in relatively small amounts for normal functioning. Fat-soluble and water-soluble
85
Steroids
lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings. Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
86
Active transport
The passage of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient and requires energy
87
Adhesion proteins
The proteins that link cells together
88
Anaphase
Each spindle has one chromosome and pulls them apart, when the cleavage furrow starts to form
89
Binary fission
Cell division of prokaryotes where they are two daughters from a parent
90
Cancer
A tissues formed by uncontrolled growth of cells that often invade surrounding tissue and migrate to other sites in the organisms body.
91
Carrier proteins
A type of protein that bonds to the particles it actively transports to move them, then places them on the other side of the cell memebrane.
92
Cell cycle
The continuous cycle of cell division and growth
93
Channel proteins
Proteins that open and close to allow in different substances, through active transport
94
Chromatid
One half of genetically identical chromosomes formed in prophase of mitosis.
95
Concentration gradient
The change in concentration over two different sides of a wall (generally a cell membrane)
96
Crenation
When animals cells are placed in a hypertonic solution they shrink and crinkle
97
Cytokinesis
The process of cytoplasmic division and enclosure of the cytoplasm of the new daughter cells by the plasma membrane during cell division
98
Differentially/semi/partially permeable membrane
A membrane that behaves differently for particular substances letting some across the membrane.
99
Diffusion
The process of particles dispersing themselves passively, form high concentration to low concentration.
100
Equilibrium
A point at which particles are evenly distributed through out a system
101
Endocyctosis
The process by which substance come into the cell, through active transport.
102
Exocytosis
The process by which substances leave the cell, through active transport.
103
Facilitated diffusion
The process by which substances pass though the cell membrane, through the transport proteins(passive transport)
104
Flaccid
A term that describes a tissue that lacks rigidity
105
Hypertonic solution
A solution with high amounts of a salt compared to another solution
106
Hypotonic solution
A substance with high amounts of salt co paired to another substance .
107
Interphase
The period in between the splitting of the cell and the next split, it is the preparation for the mitosis process. It contains the G1, S, and G2 stages G1- cell growth, organelles divide S- DNA replicates G2- prep for mitosis
108
Ion
An atom or a group of atoms with a charge
109
Isotonic solutions
A solution with the same osmotic pressure.
110
Mitosis
The process by which eukaryotes divide and multiply. This is for growth and repair of the organism
111
Net movement
The general movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration
112
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
113
Osmotic pressure
Refers to pressure of water?
114
Passive
Transport across the concentration gradient that require no energy to do so.
115
Phagocytosis
Solids going into the cell
116
Pinocytosis
Liquids going into the cell
117
Plasmolysis
A condition in plants cells where the cell contents shrink and the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall.
118
Prophase
The before stage where the chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear envelope begins to disappear. The spine fibres begin to form around them.
119
Receptor proteins
One of the proteins in the fluid mosaic model that detects specific things and causes a reaction.
120
Solute
A substance that to from a solution must dissolve into the solvent
121
S phase
DNA synthesis and spindle replication
122
Stem cells
The most basic form of a cell before it is specialised
123
Surface area to volume ratio
SA / V= ratio
124
Telophase
The final phase before cytokinesis were the forming cells can be differentiated from each other.
125
Transport proteins
A clarification of proteins that assist in allowing substances across the plasma membrane. Carrier-elevator channel-escalator
126
Turgid
Describes a state in which a plant's vacuole is full of water and the contents of the cell is pushed against the cell wall, and the cell bulges
127
Intercellular
Outside of the cells or in between them
128
Intracellular
Inside the cell
129
Binary fission
The process by which prokaryotes divide into two identical daughter cells

Biology BC 1&2 (4 decks)

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