Area of study 1 Cells Flashcards
Cell Specialisation
Cells of multicellular organisms are often specialised to form particular functions.
Cell theory
The theory that all living things are composed of cell or the products of cells and that cells are the basic unit of life.
Cellular Respiration
The enzymic process by which the energy of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids (derived from food or from photosynthesis) are converted into carbon dioxide, water and energy.
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
Cellulose
The chemical composition of the cell wall of plants
Centrioles
Two rod-like structures made of microtubules at right angles to each other, involved in moving chromosomes apart during cell division (mitosis)
-Only found in animal cells
Chlorophyll
The pigment responsible for absorbing the energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
A large organelle 5-10um. They have an external membrane and layers of internal membrane. They covert light to chemical energy using pigments to trap chlorophyll.
Chromoplasts
Plastics containing coloured pigments but no chlorophyll. Found in flowers, coloured leaves, fruits and roots.
Chromosomes
A structure containing proteins and a single DNA molecule that carries genetic information.
Cell
The most basic structural and functional unit of an organism. I
Endoplasmic reticulum
The system of membrane lined cavities in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells that is the site of protein synthesis
Smooth
Transports lipids and carbohydrates
Rough
Transports proteins and has Ribosomes on its surface
Enzyme
A substance, usually a protein the increases the rate at which a biochemical reaction takes place
Eukaryotic cell
A cell classification that has the sub kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi.
It has a complex internal structure with:
-membrane bound organelles
-Nucleus
Cilia
An organelle that are found on the outside of the cell and are used for locomotion or movement of liquid over the cells surface.
Cytoplasm
The contents of a cell other than the nucleus.
Cytoplasmic Streaming
The controlled, directional movement of cytoplasm the facilitates movement of substance of the cell
Cytoskeleton
The network of microtubles and microfilaments found in Eukaryotic cells
Cytosol
The soluble, gel-like part of the cytoplasm
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
A double stranded nucleic acid molecule composed of repeating neucleotide bases of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine which contains the coded information for the production of proteins.
Electron Microscope
A device used to amplify sides and images using beams of electrons to form a photographic image, hence all the images are black and white. All the cells used on this are dead due to the film require to see the cell through the microscope.
Flagellum
Long tentacle like structures that assist the cell in moving. There is usually 1-3 flagella attached to a cell.
Golgi Apparatus
A flat membrane sandwich that packages molecules to be sent out of the cell by secretion and is important in secretory cells.
Intracellular
A term used to refer to the inner of the cell.
Leucoplasts
A category of plastids that contain no colour pigment.
Amyloplasts
A leucoplast that stores starch and has no pigment.
Light microscope
A device used to amplify a slide using light from the electromagnetic spectrum.
Lysosomes
A membrane bound organelle of an animal cell that contains hydrolytic enzymes
Microfilaments
A thread like structure made of protein that is involved in various forms of cellular movements.
E.g cytoplasmic streaming, cell division.
Micrometer
A unit of measurement that is one millionth of a metre
10^-6
Abbreviated as μm
Microtubules
Hollow, cylindrical tubes that act as scaffolding to determine the cells shape
Mitochondria
An organelle that is he cite of cellular respiration and there for creates energy for the cell.
Multicellular organism
Organisms having more than one cell, that can specialise in the way each cell/tissue/organ does a particular job.
Nanometre
A unit of measurement that is equal to 10^-9 or a billionth of a metre. It is shown as nm
Nuclear membrane
Also called nuclear envelope
The phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus within the cell
Nucleolus
A dark stained sub organelle with in the nucleus.
Nucleus
An organelle bound by a double membrane found within eukaryotic cells
Organ
A structure made up of different or same tiles of tissue that performs one or a number of specific functions within the body.
Organelle
A structure with in cells that perform a specialised metabolic
Photosynthesis
A two stage process in which plants trap light in the chloroplast organelle and changing it into the cells food.
6CO2+12H2O=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
Plasma membrane
a microscopic membrane of phospholipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
Plastids
A collective term used to describe certain organelles within a plant cell.
They include:
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.
Prokaryotes
An classification of cells, they are usually found to be unicellular, do not have DNA enclosed in a nucleus, and do not have membrane bound organelles.
Ribosome
An organelle involved with protein synthesis of polypeptide.
Spindle fibres
Structures that control the movement of the chromosomes form the equator of the cell, they form in mitosis and meiosis.
System
A collection of organs and tissues in the body of a multicellular organism that work together as a unit to carry out particular functions
Tissue
A group of cells that are similar in arrangement, size and shape and carry out one or more functions in the body.
Vacuole
A membrane bound organelle that contains fluids such as:
Sap: dissolved amino acids, plant pigments and sugars
Vesicle
A membrane bound sac found within cells that plays a role in the distribution, organisation, and transport of substances both outside and within the cell
Active site
A place on a enzyme that binds to the substrate to break down or put together molecules
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
A molecule used to get energy to the cell, by breaking apart its high energy bonds to make ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)
Amino acids
A nitrogen based compound that is the building block of all protein.
Carbohydrates
A class of compounds that contain C,H, and O and a stereotypically in the ration of C6H12O6
Denatured
When enzymes are exposed to high temperatures or an environment with a higher(alkaline) or lower(acidic) pH than usual, they lose their ability to function. This is due to the enzymes active site being distorted and unable to hold the chemicals.
Enzyme-substrate complex
When a enzyme and substrate become bound on the active site, this is when it is called the complex
Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes produced by the cell to complete tasks for the outside of the cell.
E.g digestive acid for the stomach lining
Extracellular fluid
The fluid surrounding and bathing the cell
Fatty acids
An organic acid that combines with glycerol to form fat
Glycerol
A molecule that combines with three fatty acids to for a fat
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is a major storage product of glucose in animals.
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Hydrophobic
Water hating
Inorganic
Substances that are not synthesised by living things.
Lipid
A group of high energy molecules composed of C, H, O, N, and P
It includes: fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
Lock and Key Mechanism/model
A theory that the active site of an enzyme has a fixed structure (Lock) and a specific substrate to go on it (Key).
Mineral
A inorganic element required by both plants and animals as a nutrient.
For example :iron(helps increase attention span, and deceased likely hood of infections)
Monosaccharide
A carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule.
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate consisting of two sugar molecules
Cholesterol
A type of lipid found in cell membranes, helps to increase its flexibility.
Nucleotides
A sub unit of nucleic acids, that has a distinct structure composed of 5-carbon sugars, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Organic
A molecule that has been synthesised from a living thing.
pH
A measure of acidity(low pH) or alkalinity(high pH)
Phospholipid bilayer
The double layer of phospholipids, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails that create the plasma membrane of cells
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate consisting of many sugar molecules
Polyunsaturated fat
A type of fat containing many double bonds between many carbon atoms
Products
What is made after a chemical reaction has taken place they are on the right side
Protein
A macromolecule made on amino acids
Saturated fats
A type of fat containing single bonds between carbon atoms
Solvent
A substance which another substance can be dissolved in
Solute
A substance that is dissolved into a solvent
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
A single stranded nucleic acid composed of repeating nucleotides: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil.
Starch
A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is important for storing energy in plants
Substrate
A substance on which an enzyme acts
Triglyceride
The proper term for simple lipids containing H,O,C atoms
Vitamins
An organic compound needed by animals in relatively small amounts for normal functioning. Fat-soluble and water-soluble
Steroids
lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings. Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
Active transport
The passage of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient and requires energy
Adhesion proteins
The proteins that link cells together
Anaphase
Each spindle has one chromosome and pulls them apart, when the cleavage furrow starts to form
Binary fission
Cell division of prokaryotes where they are two daughters from a parent
Cancer
A tissues formed by uncontrolled growth of cells that often invade surrounding tissue and migrate to other sites in the organisms body.
Carrier proteins
A type of protein that bonds to the particles it actively transports to move them, then places them on the other side of the cell memebrane.
Cell cycle
The continuous cycle of cell division and growth
Channel proteins
Proteins that open and close to allow in different substances, through active transport
Chromatid
One half of genetically identical chromosomes formed in prophase of mitosis.
Concentration gradient
The change in concentration over two different sides of a wall (generally a cell membrane)
Crenation
When animals cells are placed in a hypertonic solution they shrink and crinkle
Cytokinesis
The process of cytoplasmic division and enclosure of the cytoplasm of the new daughter cells by the plasma membrane during cell division
Differentially/semi/partially permeable membrane
A membrane that behaves differently for particular substances letting some across the membrane.
Diffusion
The process of particles dispersing themselves passively, form high concentration to low concentration.
Equilibrium
A point at which particles are evenly distributed through out a system
Endocyctosis
The process by which substance come into the cell, through active transport.
Exocytosis
The process by which substances leave the cell, through active transport.
Facilitated diffusion
The process by which substances pass though the cell membrane, through the transport proteins(passive transport)
Flaccid
A term that describes a tissue that lacks rigidity
Hypertonic solution
A solution with high amounts of a salt compared to another solution
Hypotonic solution
A substance with high amounts of salt co paired to another substance .
Interphase
The period in between the splitting of the cell and the next split, it is the preparation for the mitosis process. It contains the G1, S, and G2 stages
G1- cell growth, organelles divide
S- DNA replicates
G2- prep for mitosis
Ion
An atom or a group of atoms with a charge
Isotonic solutions
A solution with the same osmotic pressure.
Mitosis
The process by which eukaryotes divide and multiply. This is for growth and repair of the organism
Net movement
The general movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
Refers to pressure of water?
Passive
Transport across the concentration gradient that require no energy to do so.
Phagocytosis
Solids going into the cell
Pinocytosis
Liquids going into the cell
Plasmolysis
A condition in plants cells where the cell contents shrink and the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall.
Prophase
The before stage where the chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear envelope begins to disappear. The spine fibres begin to form around them.
Receptor proteins
One of the proteins in the fluid mosaic model that detects specific things and causes a reaction.
Solute
A substance that to from a solution must dissolve into the solvent
S phase
DNA synthesis and spindle replication
Stem cells
The most basic form of a cell before it is specialised
Surface area to volume ratio
SA / V= ratio
Telophase
The final phase before cytokinesis were the forming cells can be differentiated from each other.
Transport proteins
A clarification of proteins that assist in allowing substances across the plasma membrane. Carrier-elevator channel-escalator
Turgid
Describes a state in which a plant’s vacuole is full of water and the contents of the cell is pushed against the cell wall, and the cell bulges
Intercellular
Outside of the cells or in between them
Intracellular
Inside the cell
Binary fission
The process by which prokaryotes divide into two identical daughter cells
