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Biology BC 1&2 > Area of Study 2 Functioning Organisms > Flashcards

Area of Study 2 Functioning Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Adhesion

A

the force of attraction between water molecules and the molecules on the sides of the vessel through which the water is traveling. Also known as capillary action.

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2
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between individual water molecules.

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3
Q

Companion cell

A

plant cell associated with and controlling neighboring sieve cell

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of plant leaves which is usually covered by a waxy cuticle. Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

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5
Q

Guard cells

A

a pair of cell that control the opening and closing of a stoma. Contain chloroplasts.

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6
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Upper photosynthetic layer of a leaf. Cells are densely acked and contain many chloroplasts.

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7
Q

Phloem

A

plant vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes

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8
Q

Plamodesmata

A

junctions between plant cells which allow for exchange of substances between cells.

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9
Q

Root hair

A

fine finger like projection of a root cell which is responsible for absorption of water and mineral ions.

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10
Q

Sieve cell

A

long and tubular plant cells without a nucleus that join to form sieve tubes through which sugar and other solutes travel

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11
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

lower layer of photosynthetic tissue in a plant leaf. Less densly packed and fewer chloroplasts than spongy layer.

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12
Q

Stoma (pl: stomata)

A

a small pore that provides an opening through the epidermis and cuticle layer of a plant. Allows for the exchange of gases and water is lost through the stoma by transpiration.

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13
Q

Tracheid

A

a type of xylem vessel; they are long dead hollow cells with pointed ends and walls pitted with holes

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14
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of glucose from where it is synthesized in the plant to other parts of the plant via the phloem

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant

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16
Q

Transpiration stream

A

continuous column of water that runs the length of the stem of the plant

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17
Q

Vascular bundle

A

the grouping of xylem and phloem vessels in a plant

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18
Q

Vascular plants

A

Plants containing vascular (transport) tissue. Includes ferns, conifers and flowering plants

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19
Q

Vascular tissue

A

The transport tissue of a plant; there are two types of vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.

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20
Q

Xylem

A

tissue in plants responsible for transport of water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

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21
Q

Xylem vessel

A

plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the shoots; also provides the plant with support

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22
Q

Absorption

A

movement of digested food across the small intestine wall and into surrounding capillaries.

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23
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas which breaks down starch to sugar

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24
Q

Autotroph

A

organisms in which inorganic substances are converted into organic molecules through photosynthesis

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25
Q

Bile

A

produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it emulsifies fat causing it to break up into tiny droplets

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26
Q

Caecum

A

a pouch in the alimentary canal of vertebrates between the small and large intestine. In many herbivores it is enlarged and contains a population of bacteria which assist in the breakdown of cellulose

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27
Q

Carnivore

A

heterotroph that eats other heterotrophs

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28
Q

Cellulase

A

an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of cellulose

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29
Q

Chemical digestion

A

break down of food molecules by digestive enzymes

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30
Q

Chyme

A

mixture of partly digested food, enzymes and hydrochloric acid which leaves the stomach

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31
Q

Colon

A

first part of the large intestine where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed

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32
Q

Digestion

A

break down of large food molecules to a size that can be absorbed by the body

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33
Q

Fermentation chamber

A

part of the digestive system in herbivores where the breakdown of cellulose occurs through the activity of bacteria and protozoans that produce cellulase

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34
Q

Fore gut fermenters

A

the fermentation chamber is located before the stomach; includes ruminants such as cattle and sheep as well as kangaroos and wallabies

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35
Q

Gall bladder

A

storage area for bile

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36
Q

Gastric juice

A

produced by gastric glands in the stomach wall, contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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37
Q

Herbivore

A

heterotroph that eats autotrophs

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38
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism which relies on other organisms to provide it with the organic materials necessary for survival

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39
Q

Hind gut fermenters

A

fermentation occurs in the caecum or the first part of the large intestine; includes horses, rabbits and koalas

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40
Q

Illeum

A

final section of small intestine

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41
Q

Large intestine

A

organ of the digestive system in which water and some mineral ions are absorbed into the bloodstream

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42
Q

Lipase

A

digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas which breaks down lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

43
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

cutting, crushing, pounding or churning of food which increases the surface area over which digestive enzymes can act

44
Q

Oesophagus

A

tube which conveys food from the mouth to the stomach.

45
Q

Omnivore

A

heterotroph which eats both autotrophs and other heterotrophs

46
Q

Pancreas

A

a gland located behind the stomach; produces pancreatic juice

47
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

produced by the pancreas and secreted via the pancreatic duct into the small intestine. It contains enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases which complete chemical digestion

48
Q

Pepsin

A

digestive enzyme produced in the stomach which breaks down protein into short polypeptide chains

49
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscular contractions of the digestive system which move food along

50
Q

Protease

A

protein splitting enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine

51
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of plant leaves which is usually covered by a waxy cuticle. Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

52
Q

Guard cells

A

a pair of cell that control the opening and closing of a stoma. Contain chloroplasts.

53
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Upper photosynthetic layer of a leaf. Cells are densely acked and contain many chloroplasts.

54
Q

Phloem

A

plant vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes

55
Q

Plamodesmata

A

junctions between plant cells which allow for exchange of substances between cells.

56
Q

Root hair

A

fine finger like projection of a root cell which is responsible for absorption of water and mineral ions.

57
Q

Sieve cell

A

long and tubular plant cells without a nucleus that join to form sieve tubes through which sugar and other solutes travel

58
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

lower layer of photosynthetic tissue in a plant leaf. Less densly packed and fewer chloroplasts than spongy layer.

59
Q

Stoma (pl: stomata)

A

a small pore that provides an opening through the epidermis and cuticle layer of a plant. Allows for the exchange of gases and water is lost through the stoma by transpiration.

60
Q

Tracheid

A

a type of xylem vessel; they are long dead hollow cells with pointed ends and walls pitted with holes

61
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of glucose from where it is synthesized in the plant to other parts of the plant via the phloem

62
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant

63
Q

Transpiration stream

A

continuous column of water that runs the length of the stem of the plant

64
Q

Vascular bundle

A

the grouping of xylem and phloem vessels in a plant

65
Q

Vascular plants

A

Plants containing vascular (transport) tissue. Includes ferns, conifers and flowering plants

66
Q

Vascular tissue

A

The transport tissue of a plant; there are two types of vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.

67
Q

Xylem

A

tissue in plants responsible for transport of water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

68
Q

Xylem vessel

A

plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the shoots; also provides the plant with support

69
Q

Absorption

A

movement of digested food across the small intestine wall and into surrounding capillaries.

70
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas which breaks down starch to sugar

71
Q

Autotroph

A

organisms in which inorganic substances are converted into organic molecules through photosynthesis

72
Q

Bile

A

produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it emulsifies fat causing it to break up into tiny droplets

73
Q

Caecum

A

a pouch in the alimentary canal of vertebrates between the small and large intestine. In many herbivores it is enlarged and contains a population of bacteria which assist in the breakdown of cellulose

74
Q

Carnivore

A

heterotroph that eats other heterotrophs

75
Q

Cellulase

A

an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of cellulose

76
Q

Chemical digestion

A

break down of food molecules by digestive enzymes

77
Q

Chyme

A

mixture of partly digested food, enzymes and hydrochloric acid which leaves the stomach

78
Q

Colon

A

first part of the large intestine where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed

79
Q

Digestion

A

break down of large food molecules to a size that can be absorbed by the body

80
Q

Fermentation chamber

A

part of the digestive system in herbivores where the breakdown of cellulose occurs through the activity of bacteria and protozoans that produce cellulase

81
Q

Fore gut fermenters

A

the fermentation chamber is located before the stomach; includes ruminants such as cattle and sheep as well as kangaroos and wallabies

82
Q

Gall bladder

A

storage area for bile

83
Q

Gastric juice

A

produced by gastric glands in the stomach wall, contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin

84
Q

Herbivore

A

heterotroph that eats autotrophs

85
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism which relies on other organisms to provide it with the organic materials necessary for survival

86
Q

Hind gut fermenters

A

fermentation occurs in the caecum or the first part of the large intestine; includes horses, rabbits and koalas

87
Q

Illeum

A

final section of small intestine

88
Q

Large intestine

A

organ of the digestive system in which water and some mineral ions are absorbed into the bloodstream

89
Q

Lipase

A

digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas which breaks down lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

90
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

cutting, crushing, pounding or churning of food which increases the surface area over which digestive enzymes can act

91
Q

Oesophagus

A

tube which conveys food from the mouth to the stomach.

92
Q

Omnivore

A

heterotroph which eats both autotrophs and other heterotrophs

93
Q

Pancreas

A

a gland located behind the stomach; produces pancreatic juice

94
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

produced by the pancreas and secreted via the pancreatic duct into the small intestine. It contains enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases which complete chemical digestion

95
Q

Pepsin

A

digestive enzyme produced in the stomach which breaks down protein into short polypeptide chains

96
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscular contractions of the digestive system which move food along

97
Q

Protease

A

protein splitting enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine

98
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

circular band of muscle controlling the movement of chyme between the stomach and duodenum.

99
Q

Rectum

A

section of the digestive system in which faeces are stored

100
Q

Saltatory glands

A

glands that produce mucus, saliva and amylase; located at the base of the tongue

101
Q

Stomach

A

dilated part of the gut in which mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical digestion of protein by enzymes occurs

102
Q

Small intestine

A

organ following the stomach in which chemical digestion is completed and products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream

103
Q

Villus (pl villi)

A

fingerlike projections lining the wall of the small intestine which increase the surface area available for absorbing digested food

Biology BC 1&2 (4 decks)

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