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Biology BC 1&2 > Area of Study 2 Functioning Organisms > Flashcards

Area of Study 2 Functioning Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Adhesion

A

the force of attraction between water molecules and the molecules on the sides of the vessel through which the water is traveling. Also known as capillary action.

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2
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between individual water molecules.

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3
Q

Companion cell

A

plant cell associated with and controlling neighboring sieve cell

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of plant leaves which is usually covered by a waxy cuticle. Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

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5
Q

Guard cells

A

a pair of cell that control the opening and closing of a stoma. Contain chloroplasts.

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6
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Upper photosynthetic layer of a leaf. Cells are densely acked and contain many chloroplasts.

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7
Q

Phloem

A

plant vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes

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8
Q

Plamodesmata

A

junctions between plant cells which allow for exchange of substances between cells.

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9
Q

Root hair

A

fine finger like projection of a root cell which is responsible for absorption of water and mineral ions.

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10
Q

Sieve cell

A

long and tubular plant cells without a nucleus that join to form sieve tubes through which sugar and other solutes travel

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11
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

lower layer of photosynthetic tissue in a plant leaf. Less densly packed and fewer chloroplasts than spongy layer.

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12
Q

Stoma (pl: stomata)

A

a small pore that provides an opening through the epidermis and cuticle layer of a plant. Allows for the exchange of gases and water is lost through the stoma by transpiration.

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13
Q

Tracheid

A

a type of xylem vessel; they are long dead hollow cells with pointed ends and walls pitted with holes

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14
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of glucose from where it is synthesized in the plant to other parts of the plant via the phloem

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant

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16
Q

Transpiration stream

A

continuous column of water that runs the length of the stem of the plant

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17
Q

Vascular bundle

A

the grouping of xylem and phloem vessels in a plant

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18
Q

Vascular plants

A

Plants containing vascular (transport) tissue. Includes ferns, conifers and flowering plants

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19
Q

Vascular tissue

A

The transport tissue of a plant; there are two types of vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.

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20
Q

Xylem

A

tissue in plants responsible for transport of water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

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21
Q

Xylem vessel

A

plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the shoots; also provides the plant with support

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22
Q

Absorption

A

movement of digested food across the small intestine wall and into surrounding capillaries.

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23
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas which breaks down starch to sugar

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24
Q

Autotroph

A

organisms in which inorganic substances are converted into organic molecules through photosynthesis

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25
Bile
produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it emulsifies fat causing it to break up into tiny droplets
26
Caecum
a pouch in the alimentary canal of vertebrates between the small and large intestine. In many herbivores it is enlarged and contains a population of bacteria which assist in the breakdown of cellulose
27
Carnivore
heterotroph that eats other heterotrophs
28
Cellulase
an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of cellulose
29
Chemical digestion
break down of food molecules by digestive enzymes
30
Chyme
mixture of partly digested food, enzymes and hydrochloric acid which leaves the stomach
31
Colon
first part of the large intestine where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed
32
Digestion
break down of large food molecules to a size that can be absorbed by the body
33
Fermentation chamber
part of the digestive system in herbivores where the breakdown of cellulose occurs through the activity of bacteria and protozoans that produce cellulase
34
Fore gut fermenters
the fermentation chamber is located before the stomach; includes ruminants such as cattle and sheep as well as kangaroos and wallabies
35
Gall bladder
storage area for bile
36
Gastric juice
produced by gastric glands in the stomach wall, contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin
37
Herbivore
heterotroph that eats autotrophs
38
Heterotroph
organism which relies on other organisms to provide it with the organic materials necessary for survival
39
Hind gut fermenters
fermentation occurs in the caecum or the first part of the large intestine; includes horses, rabbits and koalas
40
Illeum
final section of small intestine
41
Large intestine
organ of the digestive system in which water and some mineral ions are absorbed into the bloodstream
42
Lipase
digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas which breaks down lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
43
Mechanical digestion
cutting, crushing, pounding or churning of food which increases the surface area over which digestive enzymes can act
44
Oesophagus
tube which conveys food from the mouth to the stomach.
45
Omnivore
heterotroph which eats both autotrophs and other heterotrophs
46
Pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach; produces pancreatic juice
47
Pancreatic juice
produced by the pancreas and secreted via the pancreatic duct into the small intestine. It contains enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases which complete chemical digestion
48
Pepsin
digestive enzyme produced in the stomach which breaks down protein into short polypeptide chains
49
Peristalsis
muscular contractions of the digestive system which move food along
50
Protease
protein splitting enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine
51
Epidermis
Outer layer of plant leaves which is usually covered by a waxy cuticle. Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
52
Guard cells
a pair of cell that control the opening and closing of a stoma. Contain chloroplasts.
53
Palisade mesophyll
Upper photosynthetic layer of a leaf. Cells are densely acked and contain many chloroplasts.
54
Phloem
plant vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes
55
Plamodesmata
junctions between plant cells which allow for exchange of substances between cells.
56
Root hair
fine finger like projection of a root cell which is responsible for absorption of water and mineral ions.
57
Sieve cell
long and tubular plant cells without a nucleus that join to form sieve tubes through which sugar and other solutes travel
58
Spongy mesophyll
lower layer of photosynthetic tissue in a plant leaf. Less densly packed and fewer chloroplasts than spongy layer.
59
Stoma (pl: stomata)
a small pore that provides an opening through the epidermis and cuticle layer of a plant. Allows for the exchange of gases and water is lost through the stoma by transpiration.
60
Tracheid
a type of xylem vessel; they are long dead hollow cells with pointed ends and walls pitted with holes
61
Translocation
the movement of glucose from where it is synthesized in the plant to other parts of the plant via the phloem
62
Transpiration
evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant
63
Transpiration stream
continuous column of water that runs the length of the stem of the plant
64
Vascular bundle
the grouping of xylem and phloem vessels in a plant
65
Vascular plants
Plants containing vascular (transport) tissue. Includes ferns, conifers and flowering plants
66
Vascular tissue
The transport tissue of a plant; there are two types of vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.
67
Xylem
tissue in plants responsible for transport of water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.
68
Xylem vessel
plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the shoots; also provides the plant with support
69
Absorption
movement of digested food across the small intestine wall and into surrounding capillaries.
70
Amylase
digestive enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas which breaks down starch to sugar
71
Autotroph
organisms in which inorganic substances are converted into organic molecules through photosynthesis
72
Bile
produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it emulsifies fat causing it to break up into tiny droplets
73
Caecum
a pouch in the alimentary canal of vertebrates between the small and large intestine. In many herbivores it is enlarged and contains a population of bacteria which assist in the breakdown of cellulose
74
Carnivore
heterotroph that eats other heterotrophs
75
Cellulase
an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of cellulose
76
Chemical digestion
break down of food molecules by digestive enzymes
77
Chyme
mixture of partly digested food, enzymes and hydrochloric acid which leaves the stomach
78
Colon
first part of the large intestine where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed
79
Digestion
break down of large food molecules to a size that can be absorbed by the body
80
Fermentation chamber
part of the digestive system in herbivores where the breakdown of cellulose occurs through the activity of bacteria and protozoans that produce cellulase
81
Fore gut fermenters
the fermentation chamber is located before the stomach; includes ruminants such as cattle and sheep as well as kangaroos and wallabies
82
Gall bladder
storage area for bile
83
Gastric juice
produced by gastric glands in the stomach wall, contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin
84
Herbivore
heterotroph that eats autotrophs
85
Heterotroph
organism which relies on other organisms to provide it with the organic materials necessary for survival
86
Hind gut fermenters
fermentation occurs in the caecum or the first part of the large intestine; includes horses, rabbits and koalas
87
Illeum
final section of small intestine
88
Large intestine
organ of the digestive system in which water and some mineral ions are absorbed into the bloodstream
89
Lipase
digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas which breaks down lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
90
Mechanical digestion
cutting, crushing, pounding or churning of food which increases the surface area over which digestive enzymes can act
91
Oesophagus
tube which conveys food from the mouth to the stomach.
92
Omnivore
heterotroph which eats both autotrophs and other heterotrophs
93
Pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach; produces pancreatic juice
94
Pancreatic juice
produced by the pancreas and secreted via the pancreatic duct into the small intestine. It contains enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases which complete chemical digestion
95
Pepsin
digestive enzyme produced in the stomach which breaks down protein into short polypeptide chains
96
Peristalsis
muscular contractions of the digestive system which move food along
97
Protease
protein splitting enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine
98
Pyloric sphincter
circular band of muscle controlling the movement of chyme between the stomach and duodenum.
99
Rectum
section of the digestive system in which faeces are stored
100
Saltatory glands
glands that produce mucus, saliva and amylase; located at the base of the tongue
101
Stomach
dilated part of the gut in which mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical digestion of protein by enzymes occurs
102
Small intestine
organ following the stomach in which chemical digestion is completed and products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream
103
Villus (pl villi)
fingerlike projections lining the wall of the small intestine which increase the surface area available for absorbing digested food

Biology BC 1&2 (4 decks)

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