Area of Study 3 Adaptations Of Organisms Flashcards
1
Q
Absorbance spectrum
A
A graph of the amount of light of different wavelengths (colours), absorbed by a given substance.
2
Q
Adaptations
A
A feature of an organism that helps it to survive, that is, love long enough to produce fertile offspring.
3
Q
Adventitious roots
A
A root that grows from parts of a plant other than the main root
4
Q
Biome
A
The community of organisms in a large area with the same climate
5
Q
Biosphere
A
The region of the earths surface that is inhabited by living things
6
Q
Biotic factors
A
Factors of the environment that are living
7
Q
Biota
A
The living components of an organisms environment
8
Q
Canopy
A
The space at the tree of a forests where communities of plants and animals can live
9
Q
Chemotropism
A
The growth of a part of a plant towards a chemical stimulus
10
Q
Coleoptiles
A
?
11
Q
Day-neural plants
A
Types of plants that flowers independently of the day
12
Q
Ephemerals
A
Short lived, short life cycled organisms
13
Q
Epicormic buds
A
Buds that lie under the bard of some plants
14
Q
Epiphytes
A
Aerial plants that live on other plants for support
15
Q
Flaccid
A
Describes the condition of plants cells where water has been lost, the cytoplasm moves away from the cell wall
16
Q
Geotropism
A
A plant growth response to gravity, can be + or -
17
Q
Habit
A
The form or shape of a plant
18
Q
Habitat
A
A place in which an organism lives
19
Q
Herbicides
A
Chemicals that kill plants
20
Q
Holdfasts
A
Structures that holds main seaweeds to the substratum
21
Q
Holistic
A
An overall view that considers more than just the parts together
22
Q
Hydrotropism
A
Growth in response to water
23
Q
Lignotubers
A
Large woody masses or rootstocks at the bases of some trees
24
Q
Limiting factor
A
The factor that puts a limit on the distribution of a species
25
Long-day plants
Plants that require a long period of sunlight to flower
26
Nastic
Relates to movement of a plant in response to a non-directional stimulus
27
Nutation
Slight irregular movements
28
Optimum range
A narrow area in which an abiotic factors levels best suits the organism, and it can function the best.
29
Perennial
Describes a plant that counties to grow year after year
30
Photoperiodism
Refers to the physiological reaction on a organism to the length of day or night.
31
Physiological stress
stress experienced when an organism is outside its tolerance range
32
Phytochrome
A pigment plants use to detect sunlight, in the red region of the spectrum
33
Phytohormones
Plant growth substances
34
Pneumatophores
A rail roots that link with underground roots to enable gaseous exchange
35
Qualitative
Descriptions that do not involves measurements
36
Quantitative
Measurements that can be quantified-expressed in units
37
Range
The geographic extent or area that an organism inhabits
38
Sessile
Permanently attach eyed to one place rather than free moving
39
Short-day plants
Plants that flower after long periods of darkness, often called long night plants
40
Shrub
A small bushy plant
41
Statolith
Starch grains in cell that appear near the root and shoot tips
42
Stratification
Vertical differences in abiotic factors, giving rise to layers or stratum
43
Substratum
Rock layer or bedrock underneath the organism
44
Taxis
Movement of the whole organism in response to a stimulus, can be + or -
45
Thigmotropism
Growth in response to contact
46
Transact
Cross-section of an area
47
Tropism
A growth response from a unidirectional stimulus
48
Turgor
Firm or ridged state of a plant cell cute by the pressure of the water within it
49
Vascular
Relates to having specialised conducting or transport tissues
50
Vernalisation
Flower signalled after a period of cold
51
Xeromorphic
Used to describe plants that are adapted to survive in dry conditions
52
Zonation
Horizontal differences in abiotic factors that give rise to distinctive zones
53
Abiotic factors
Non biologists factors such as wind, light or acidity
54
Hydrophytes
live partially or fully submerged in water
55
Halophytes
salt tolerant species found in coastal and salt marsh environments
56
Xerophytes
arid adapted species found in hot and cold deserts.
57
Insectivorous plants
Plants that acquire extra nutrients through capturing and digesting insects
58
Auxin/ indoleacetic acid (IAA)
A hormone that is produced at the tip of the plant, defuses down the stem and causes cell elongation (it's usually occurs in small amounts)
59
Cytokinins
Promotes cell division and differentiation in growing tips, roots and fruits.
60
Gibberellins
Promote overall growth of cells, this is done through elongation and division. It is done in the innate seeds germination, flowering and fruit enlargement
61
Abscisic acid
Acts as an inhibitor to close stomata in times of water stress, seed dormancy, and bud dormancy in winter.
62
Aestivation
Dormancy brought on by period of drought
63
Autonomic nervous system
A branch of the peripheral nervous system, involved with the automatic functions of the body.
64
Conduction
Transfer of heat energy from a relatively hot object to a cool object by contact
65
Convection
The transfer of heat energy by means of rising of currents of water and air
66
Countercurrent
A current that flows In the opposite direction of another current
67
Cranium
Bony skull
68
Diapause
Temporary suspension of bodily growth in response to aversive conditions
69
Ductless gland
A gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream
70
Ectothermic
An animal that depends on a external heat source
71
Effector
Something that carries out a response from a stimulus
72
Endothermic
Animals that maintain a regular body temp through metabolic activity
73
Evaporation
A process by which water changes to gaseous from
74
Feedback mechanism
A mechanism in which the output or response effects the input or stimulus
75
Glomerular filtrate
Fluid filtered by the glomerulus of the kedneys
76
Hibernate
A period of dormancy over long periods of cold
77
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
78
Homeothermic
Related the ability to maintain a relatively constant body temperature
79
Hypertonic
Has high solute consternation compare to a hypotonic solution
80
Hypotonic
Has low solute consternation compare to a hypertonic solution
81
Impulse
Electrical signals that travel along a neuron
82
Isotonic
A solution that has an equal consecration compared to another solution
83
Low critical temperature
The external temperature at which metabolic activity begins to rise, there by increasing the output of heat
84
Motor neuron
A neuron that transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system
85
Myelin
A sheath of fatty tissue that wraps around a nerve cells, enabling them to transmit impulses
86
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals that transmit messages across the synapse
87
Osmoconformer
An organism for which the internal concentrations match the external
88
Osmoregulation
The process by which osmosis is done by the body to regulate the water in the body
89
Osmoregulator
An organism that has specialised mechanisms for regulation concentration of internal solutions despite differences in external ones
90
Pokliothermic
An organism who's body temperature changes with its environment
91
Radiation
Transfer of heat by inferred waves
92
Receptor
A structure that detects or receives a stimulus
93
Reflex arc
A neural pathway in which an impulse will travel to the spine then to the effector also to the brain
94
Sensory neuron
A neuron that receives messages from the receptor and sends the to the CNS
95
Somatic nervous system
Part of the PNS associated with voluntary control
96
Stimulus
Condition that causes a response
97
Stimulus response
Relates to an mechanism in which stimulus or signal cause a response
98
Synapse
Gap between nerve ends
99
Upper critical temperature
The temperature at which the bodies cooling mechanisms fail to keep the body temp stable and the metabolic rate increases, with rise in external temperature that can lead to hyperthermia
100
Adaptive values
A behaviour that increase the chance of survival of the individual or group
101
Biological clock
An internal mechanism by which many plants or animal are able to keep a sense of time
102
Chemical signals
Signal transmitted by the release of specific chemicals such as pheromones
103
Circadian
Describes a daily or 24 rhythm
104
Diurnal
Describes animals active at night
105
Nocturnal
Describes an animal active at night
106
Crepuscular
Describes an animals active during dusk(start if night) or dawn(start of day)
107
Ethology
The study of animal behaviour, a person who does this is an ethnologist
108
Anthropocentric
The belief that human beings are the central or most significant species
109
What is advantages to living in groups?
```
Persecution of threat is greater
Higher chance of survival
Lesser chance of being singled out
Greater ease to find mate
Greater output of food from teamwork
Fending of predators
Hunting in a pack
Heat distribution and maintenance
```
110
What is disadvantages to living in groups
Food can be lesser
| Competition for food, dominance, or mates
111
What are the three types of inter and infraspecific communication
Acoustic
Chemical
Visual
112
What are the three patterns of activity?
Diurnal
Nocturnal
Crepuscular
113
Acoustic communication
Any sound that can induce behaviour changes
114
Chemical communication
Any odour, pheromone or external hormone that can induce behaviour
115
Visual communication
Any action, gesture or movement that can induce a behaviour
116
Innate behaviour
Any genetically programmed response to a stimulus
117
Pheromones
A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal the can effect behaviour or physiology of that species
118
What are the two types of communication?
Infraspecific
| Interspecific
119
Interspecific communication
Occurring between individuals of different species
120
Infraspecific communication
Occurring between members of the same species
121
Dominance hierarchy
A social model, set up by members of a species confronting each other in some way the proves their superiority. This system has individuals as superior (dominant) or inferior (submissive)
122
Submissive behaviour/displays
A behaviour generally as a result of dominance or aggression that involves a willingness to conform to an authority
123
Aggressive behaviour/displays
A behaviour that generally edicts submissive behaviour from the animals toward which it is directed.
124
Sexual dimorphism
Physical signs,min lauding behaviour, that gives indication of gender and gender status(hierarchy)
125
Territory
An area of land defended by an Animal or group of animals against others of the same sex or gender
126
Migration
The seasonal movement of while communities or part of communities
127
What are the reproductive behaviours
Courtship
| Parenting
128
Courtship
Ensure that right individuals mate with each other
129
Parenting
Behaviour that appears the development of the young until they can fight for them selves
130
Learnt behaviour
Behaviour that changes depending on experience, and trial and error
131
Habituation
A from learning where an organism learns to stop responding to a stimulus that is no longer biologically relevant
