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Biology BC 1&2 > Area of Study 3 Adaptations Of Organisms > Flashcards

Area of Study 3 Adaptations Of Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Absorbance spectrum

A

A graph of the amount of light of different wavelengths (colours), absorbed by a given substance.

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2
Q

Adaptations

A

A feature of an organism that helps it to survive, that is, love long enough to produce fertile offspring.

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3
Q

Adventitious roots

A

A root that grows from parts of a plant other than the main root

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4
Q

Biome

A

The community of organisms in a large area with the same climate

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5
Q

Biosphere

A

The region of the earths surface that is inhabited by living things

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6
Q

Biotic factors

A

Factors of the environment that are living

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7
Q

Biota

A

The living components of an organisms environment

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8
Q

Canopy

A

The space at the tree of a forests where communities of plants and animals can live

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9
Q

Chemotropism

A

The growth of a part of a plant towards a chemical stimulus

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10
Q

Coleoptiles

A

?

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11
Q

Day-neural plants

A

Types of plants that flowers independently of the day

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12
Q

Ephemerals

A

Short lived, short life cycled organisms

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13
Q

Epicormic buds

A

Buds that lie under the bard of some plants

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14
Q

Epiphytes

A

Aerial plants that live on other plants for support

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15
Q

Flaccid

A

Describes the condition of plants cells where water has been lost, the cytoplasm moves away from the cell wall

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16
Q

Geotropism

A

A plant growth response to gravity, can be + or -

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17
Q

Habit

A

The form or shape of a plant

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18
Q

Habitat

A

A place in which an organism lives

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19
Q

Herbicides

A

Chemicals that kill plants

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20
Q

Holdfasts

A

Structures that holds main seaweeds to the substratum

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21
Q

Holistic

A

An overall view that considers more than just the parts together

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22
Q

Hydrotropism

A

Growth in response to water

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23
Q

Lignotubers

A

Large woody masses or rootstocks at the bases of some trees

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24
Q

Limiting factor

A

The factor that puts a limit on the distribution of a species

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25
Q

Long-day plants

A

Plants that require a long period of sunlight to flower

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26
Q

Nastic

A

Relates to movement of a plant in response to a non-directional stimulus

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27
Q

Nutation

A

Slight irregular movements

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28
Q

Optimum range

A

A narrow area in which an abiotic factors levels best suits the organism, and it can function the best.

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29
Q

Perennial

A

Describes a plant that counties to grow year after year

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30
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Refers to the physiological reaction on a organism to the length of day or night.

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31
Q

Physiological stress

A

stress experienced when an organism is outside its tolerance range

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32
Q

Phytochrome

A

A pigment plants use to detect sunlight, in the red region of the spectrum

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33
Q

Phytohormones

A

Plant growth substances

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34
Q

Pneumatophores

A

A rail roots that link with underground roots to enable gaseous exchange

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35
Q

Qualitative

A

Descriptions that do not involves measurements

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36
Q

Quantitative

A

Measurements that can be quantified-expressed in units

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37
Q

Range

A

The geographic extent or area that an organism inhabits

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38
Q

Sessile

A

Permanently attach eyed to one place rather than free moving

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39
Q

Short-day plants

A

Plants that flower after long periods of darkness, often called long night plants

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40
Q

Shrub

A

A small bushy plant

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41
Q

Statolith

A

Starch grains in cell that appear near the root and shoot tips

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42
Q

Stratification

A

Vertical differences in abiotic factors, giving rise to layers or stratum

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43
Q

Substratum

A

Rock layer or bedrock underneath the organism

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44
Q

Taxis

A

Movement of the whole organism in response to a stimulus, can be + or -

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45
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Growth in response to contact

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46
Q

Transact

A

Cross-section of an area

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47
Q

Tropism

A

A growth response from a unidirectional stimulus

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48
Q

Turgor

A

Firm or ridged state of a plant cell cute by the pressure of the water within it

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49
Q

Vascular

A

Relates to having specialised conducting or transport tissues

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50
Q

Vernalisation

A

Flower signalled after a period of cold

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51
Q

Xeromorphic

A

Used to describe plants that are adapted to survive in dry conditions

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52
Q

Zonation

A

Horizontal differences in abiotic factors that give rise to distinctive zones

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53
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non biologists factors such as wind, light or acidity

54
Q

Hydrophytes

A

live partially or fully submerged in water

55
Q

Halophytes

A

salt tolerant species found in coastal and salt marsh environments

56
Q

Xerophytes

A

arid adapted species found in hot and cold deserts.

57
Q

Insectivorous plants

A

Plants that acquire extra nutrients through capturing and digesting insects

58
Q

Auxin/ indoleacetic acid (IAA)

A

A hormone that is produced at the tip of the plant, defuses down the stem and causes cell elongation (it’s usually occurs in small amounts)

59
Q

Cytokinins

A

Promotes cell division and differentiation in growing tips, roots and fruits.

60
Q

Gibberellins

A

Promote overall growth of cells, this is done through elongation and division. It is done in the innate seeds germination, flowering and fruit enlargement

61
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Acts as an inhibitor to close stomata in times of water stress, seed dormancy, and bud dormancy in winter.

62
Q

Aestivation

A

Dormancy brought on by period of drought

63
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A branch of the peripheral nervous system, involved with the automatic functions of the body.

64
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat energy from a relatively hot object to a cool object by contact

65
Q

Convection

A

The transfer of heat energy by means of rising of currents of water and air

66
Q

Countercurrent

A

A current that flows In the opposite direction of another current

67
Q

Cranium

A

Bony skull

68
Q

Diapause

A

Temporary suspension of bodily growth in response to aversive conditions

69
Q

Ductless gland

A

A gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream

70
Q

Ectothermic

A

An animal that depends on a external heat source

71
Q

Effector

A

Something that carries out a response from a stimulus

72
Q

Endothermic

A

Animals that maintain a regular body temp through metabolic activity

73
Q

Evaporation

A

A process by which water changes to gaseous from

74
Q

Feedback mechanism

A

A mechanism in which the output or response effects the input or stimulus

75
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Fluid filtered by the glomerulus of the kedneys

76
Q

Hibernate

A

A period of dormancy over long periods of cold

77
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

78
Q

Homeothermic

A

Related the ability to maintain a relatively constant body temperature

79
Q

Hypertonic

A

Has high solute consternation compare to a hypotonic solution

80
Q

Hypotonic

A

Has low solute consternation compare to a hypertonic solution

81
Q

Impulse

A

Electrical signals that travel along a neuron

82
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution that has an equal consecration compared to another solution

83
Q

Low critical temperature

A

The external temperature at which metabolic activity begins to rise, there by increasing the output of heat

84
Q

Motor neuron

A

A neuron that transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system

85
Q

Myelin

A

A sheath of fatty tissue that wraps around a nerve cells, enabling them to transmit impulses

86
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that transmit messages across the synapse

87
Q

Osmoconformer

A

An organism for which the internal concentrations match the external

88
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The process by which osmosis is done by the body to regulate the water in the body

89
Q

Osmoregulator

A

An organism that has specialised mechanisms for regulation concentration of internal solutions despite differences in external ones

90
Q

Pokliothermic

A

An organism who’s body temperature changes with its environment

91
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat by inferred waves

92
Q

Receptor

A

A structure that detects or receives a stimulus

93
Q

Reflex arc

A

A neural pathway in which an impulse will travel to the spine then to the effector also to the brain

94
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that receives messages from the receptor and sends the to the CNS

95
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS associated with voluntary control

96
Q

Stimulus

A

Condition that causes a response

97
Q

Stimulus response

A

Relates to an mechanism in which stimulus or signal cause a response

98
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between nerve ends

99
Q

Upper critical temperature

A

The temperature at which the bodies cooling mechanisms fail to keep the body temp stable and the metabolic rate increases, with rise in external temperature that can lead to hyperthermia

100
Q

Adaptive values

A

A behaviour that increase the chance of survival of the individual or group

101
Q

Biological clock

A

An internal mechanism by which many plants or animal are able to keep a sense of time

102
Q

Chemical signals

A

Signal transmitted by the release of specific chemicals such as pheromones

103
Q

Circadian

A

Describes a daily or 24 rhythm

104
Q

Diurnal

A

Describes animals active at night

105
Q

Nocturnal

A

Describes an animal active at night

106
Q

Crepuscular

A

Describes an animals active during dusk(start if night) or dawn(start of day)

107
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animal behaviour, a person who does this is an ethnologist

108
Q

Anthropocentric

A

The belief that human beings are the central or most significant species

109
Q

What is advantages to living in groups?

A 
Persecution of threat is greater
Higher chance of survival 
Lesser chance of being singled out
Greater ease to find mate
Greater output of food from teamwork
Fending of predators 
Hunting in a pack
Heat distribution and maintenance
110
Q

What is disadvantages to living in groups

A

Food can be lesser

Competition for food, dominance, or mates

111
Q

What are the three types of inter and infraspecific communication

A

Acoustic
Chemical
Visual

112
Q

What are the three patterns of activity?

A

Diurnal
Nocturnal
Crepuscular

113
Q

Acoustic communication

A

Any sound that can induce behaviour changes

114
Q

Chemical communication

A

Any odour, pheromone or external hormone that can induce behaviour

115
Q

Visual communication

A

Any action, gesture or movement that can induce a behaviour

116
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Any genetically programmed response to a stimulus

117
Q

Pheromones

A

A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal the can effect behaviour or physiology of that species

118
Q

What are the two types of communication?

A

Infraspecific

Interspecific

119
Q

Interspecific communication

A

Occurring between individuals of different species

120
Q

Infraspecific communication

A

Occurring between members of the same species

121
Q

Dominance hierarchy

A

A social model, set up by members of a species confronting each other in some way the proves their superiority. This system has individuals as superior (dominant) or inferior (submissive)

122
Q

Submissive behaviour/displays

A

A behaviour generally as a result of dominance or aggression that involves a willingness to conform to an authority

123
Q

Aggressive behaviour/displays

A

A behaviour that generally edicts submissive behaviour from the animals toward which it is directed.

124
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Physical signs,min lauding behaviour, that gives indication of gender and gender status(hierarchy)

125
Q

Territory

A

An area of land defended by an Animal or group of animals against others of the same sex or gender

126
Q

Migration

A

The seasonal movement of while communities or part of communities

127
Q

What are the reproductive behaviours

A

Courtship

Parenting

128
Q

Courtship

A

Ensure that right individuals mate with each other

129
Q

Parenting

A

Behaviour that appears the development of the young until they can fight for them selves

130
Q

Learnt behaviour

A

Behaviour that changes depending on experience, and trial and error

131
Q

Habituation

A

A from learning where an organism learns to stop responding to a stimulus that is no longer biologically relevant

Biology BC 1&2 (4 decks)

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