Area 9: Behavior Change Procedures: Part I Flashcards
An establishing operation (EO):
1) ___ the ____ of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer,
2) ___ the current ___ of all ___ that has been ___ by that stimulus, object, or event
3) Is in reference to an operation that has the value-altering effect that ____ the reinforcing ____ of some stimulus, object, or event.
An establishing operation (EO):
1) alters** the **effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer,
2) alters the current frequency** of all behavior that has been **reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event
3) Is in reference to an operation that has the value-altering effect that increases** the reinforcing **efffectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event.
What is the freakin difference between MOs (EOs & AOs) and SDs????
SDs:
- Related to the differential availability (presence and absence) of an effective reinforcer
MOs (EOs & AOs):
- Alter the effectiveness of some stimuli, objects, or events as reinforcers
- Changes WHAT functions as reinforcement, rather than the availability of reinforcment
- Example: A teacher requests a response from a student. The student emits aggressive behaviors immediately following the request. The request, an antecedent stimulus, evokes aggression that is negatively reinforced (the request is removed). The request is an EO that evoke the aggressive behavior rather than an SD. It makes no sense to talk about and SD evoking the aggressive behavior in the absense of the request. The student does not “want” to escape in the absence of the demand (EO) situation.
An antecedent stimulus functions as an ___ only when in its presence a specific response or set of responses produces reinforcement, and the same response does not produce reinforcement in the absence of that stimulus.
An antecedent stimulus functions as an SD only when in its presence a specific response or set of responses produces reinforcement, and the same response does not produce reinforcement in the absence of that stimulus.
Name some examples of contextual variables:
- room lighting
- temperature
- population density
- staff ratios
- the use of peer tutors
- curriculum materials
- olfactory cues
- use of background music
- placement of windows, pictures, and other visual stimuli
Name some examples of ecological variables:
- number of persons present in a situation
- where and with whom a person lives works recreates
- the variability or diversity and quantity and type of activities and tasks in the environment
- daily, weekly, yearly routines and rhythms
- ongoing activities
- time of day
- day of week
- weather
- room temperature
- physical surroundings.
Name some examples of stimulus fading in:
- Fading in Carnation Instant Breakfast and then milk with using 5% increments to water for kiddos who find highly textured foods adversive.
- Fading in more requirements/harder tasks gradually during a morning routine. Start with reinforcing opening eyes, then reinforce opening eyes and sitting up, then reinforce opening eye, sitting up, then removing covers
Which type of reinforcement schedule would be most effective and appropriate to maintain the following target behavior once it has been trained and established?
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
A ____ ____ schedule (VI) tends to produce a constant, stable, rate of responding.
A variable interval schedule (VI) tends to produce a constant, stable, rate of responding.
E.g., pop quizzes at unpredictable times tend to occasion more consistent study behavior from students than do quizzes scheduled at fixed intervals of time.
Scenario: The following item is about Danica, a 10-year old girl who lacks functional communication (i.e., does not speak, write, sign, etc.): Tasks 3-3, 3-11, & 9-6 When Danica taps the top of her head with her left hand, instead of scratching me, I reinforce that response by moving away from her. However, if she scratches me, I stay close to her. This procedure decreased scratching behavior maintained by escape from people and increased head-tapping. This two-step procedure is an example of:
Differential reinforcement.
Richard asks for a coffee break every 20 minutes. Allowing him to take a coffee break only when he waits at least 30-minutes to ask for one is an example of:
Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)
What will make an effective initial DRO interval and how do you calculate it?
- Begin with an interval that is equal to or slightly less than the mean baseline interresponse time (IRT)
- Divide the total duration of all baseline measurements by the total number of responses recorded during baseline.
- If a total of 90 responses were recorded during 30 minutes of baseline measurement, the mean IRT would be 20-seconds
- 1,800 seconds (30x60) / 90 = 20
Describe graduated guidance…
Give an example!
…when you begin with following the participant’s movements closely with your hands, but not touching the learner, and gradually increases the distance of your hands by gradually changing the location of the physical prompt
Example: When using graduated guidance when helping a learner to zip a coat, start at guiding the hand, then wrist, then elbow, then shoulder, then no physical contact.
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is an ____ intervention in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a ___ (___) or _____ (__) schedule ____ of the learner’s behavior.
NCR may effectively diminish problem behaviors because the reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are available ___ and ___. The enriched environment with positive stimuli may function as a ____ ____ (__), reducing the motivation to engage in the problem behavior.
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is an antecedent** intervention in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a **fixed-time** (**FT**) or **variable-time (VT)** schedule **independent of the learner’s behavior.
NCR may effectively diminish problem behaviors because the reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are available freely** and **frequently**. The enriched environment with positive stimuli may function as an **abolishing operation (AO), reducing the motivation to engage in the problem behavior.
What are the 3 components of contingency contracts?
- Task: contract must state the ‘who, what, when, and how well’
- Reward: contract must state the ‘who, what, when, how much
- Task Record: visual display of progress-stars, check marks,
Contracting is more accurately conceptualized as an ___ ___ that ____ several behavior principles and procedures.
What behavior principles are involved?
Contracting is more accurately conceptualized as an intervention package** that **combines several behavior principles and procedures.
- positive and negative reinforcement
- rule-governed behavior
- response prompt
- delayed consequence
- token economy
