ARCHITECTURE : Terms and points Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
Why would the columns be aligned?
A
Temple - one unity.
3
Q
Architectural decorations, development:
A
1st architectural decorations that we have evidences of :
terracotta plaques on Temple of Apollo at Thermon.
1st architectural sculptural decorations :
in stone - Temple A at Prinias ;
** not a typical** architecturally temple.
1st architectural stone sculpture on pediment :
Temple of Artemis at Corfu
4
Q
Why architectural decorations on temples become important for Greeks?
A
They are the venue for telling stories :
huge permanent temple structure has an opportunity to say something about the city.
5
Q
What issues artists are faced with when creating architectural decorations on the temples and what are the solutions?
A
- visibility : limited amount of space and extreme height.
- small space. Options:
1 - Lots of figures, e.g. battle of troy. But, again, wont be visible.
2 - Reduced amount of figures.
- shadows: roofline hangs above them.
6
Q
Discuss the formula for the size of an Archaic temple.
A
peristyle :
With the stone the formula appears since - columns should stand at a certain distance apart, fairly close, for the structure not to go down.
7
Q
Hera and her temples
A
- prominent deity : wife of Zeus, fertility goddess, might have had connection to Bronze Age to goddesses of nature
- temples :
- at Samos (couple; one - 8th c.; another - 650 BC)
- at Olympia - 600 BC
8
Q
What is the purpose of peristyle other than support?
A
Temple is somewhat hidden.
9
Q
two types of tile
A
- PAN tile
- COVER tile
10
Q
- 100 footer,
- e.g. Temple of Hera at Samos
A
HEKATOMPEDOS
11
Q
- multipurpose flexible space outside the temple,
A
STOVA
12
Q
- round columns, half-moon shaped, placed right against the wall;
- e.g. Temple A at Prinias, Crete
A
ENGAGED COLUMNS
13
Q
- temple of Hera
- e.g. at Samos
A
HAREION
14
Q
ANIMAL FRIEZE
A
- literally, frieze with the imagery of animals
- e.g. Temple A, Prinias, Crete
- In Orientalizing period, very much popular in pottery paintings,
e.g. Rhodes Wild Goat Style (e.g. pot from Rhodes, late 7th c.).
15
Q
ENGAGED COLUMNS
A
- round columns, half-moon shaped, placed right against the wall;
- e.g. Temple A at Prinias, Crete
16
Q
ENTASIS
A
- a slight swelling of columns (for optical illustions).
17
Q
HAREION
A
- temple of Hera
- e.g. Hareion at Samos:
1st - 8th c. BC
2nd - ca. 650 BC
18
Q
HEKATOMPEDOS
A
- 100 footer,
- e.g. Temple of Hera at Samos
19
Q
- literally, frieze with the imagery of animals
- e.g. Temple A, Prinias, Crete
A
ANIMAL FRIEZE
20
Q
PAN and COVER TILE
A
PAN - flat square tile;
COVER - cover.
- put together to hide the joints
>> to protect the thatch roof
21
Q
STOVA
A
- multipurpose flexible space outside the temple,
- e.g. temple of Hera at Samos
22
Q
XOANA
A
Xoana (we know from ancient literature)
– an object without human form which is a representation of a deity, simply a piece of wood, sometimes wrapped in drapery, e.g. found face at the Temple of Hera at Olympia, ca. 600 BC.
23
Q
ANATHYROSIS
A
anathyrosis
– roughened surface for adhesion.
Two stone blocks are cut and put together, and not to slide during an earthquake they are fixed by roughening and smooth boarder.
Anathyrosis is always used in Greek stone architecture; developed with the very first stone buildings.
24
Q
ALTAR, its location and why
A
- one of the basic requirements for the sacred area
- place where the offerings are given to gods - normally outside:
a) burning offerings inside is not really what a deity want;
b) gods are watching from above >> they have to see and sent the roasting meat from up there;
c) all the worshipers are needed to participate in the event (some could only afford eating meat at such festivals).
* Some places only had altars. Sometimes we don’t have altar preserved.*
25
SACRED PRECINCT or SANCTUARY
* one of the aspects of _religious architecture (areas)_
## Footnote
__
* The large sacred area that sets off **_sacred from secular space_**.
* They believed that as one enters the sacred area, he _leaves everything of the secular world behind_, literally. There normally was a huge gateway.
* The inside equipment of this area _varied_ a bit depending on the requirements of the worshiped god.
26
SECONDARY TEMPLE
- temples to:
* _other_ gods;
* or _related gods_;
* or to the _different version_ of the same god (*e.g. Acropolis – Maiden Athena and Athena the Protectress; some sanctuaries started worshiping two gods and then chose one – things develop over time*.)
27
some of the _aspects_ of the religious area
* sanctuary
* temple
* altar
* secondary temples
* other areas, *meeting places for attendants; storage facilities, etc.*
28
TEMPLE and some of its _functions_
* one of the basic requirements for the sacred area
## Footnote
- **HOME FOR THE DEITY**.
* Gods _haven’t resided_ in their temples all the time;
* they _always came_ for the celebration in their honor \>\>
Cult statues on a base – image of the deity when such is _absent_
- **ADVERTISEMENT** **of the permanent PIETY of the citizens:** we are so good and righteous \>\> gods would be assist and protect us.
\>\> the best thing one could do is to built stone building
– more permanent.
29
Two basic structural requirements of sacred area
* temple
* altar
30
What OTHER AREAS could be on the sacred territory?
* meeting places for attendants;
* storage facilities, etc.
31
CELLA
- main room in the temple, often with _cult statue._** . It could have rooms at the front and back.**
32
METOPES
– square panel (could be covered with stone or terracotta), _underneath roof line_ **alternating** with triglyphs (Part of Doric frieze).
33
OPITHODOMOS
– _optional_ room at the back, frequently **inaccessible** from cella.
34
PERIPHERAL TEMPLE
- a temple **_with peristyle_**.
Temple itself - jst a structure with walls.
35
PERISTYLE
- columns surrounding the temple
36
PRONAOS
– front porch, _held up by columns_.
37
SUPERSTRUCTURE
– everything _above the columns_, top part of the temple.
38
TRIGLIPH
– three vertically **channeled** tablets _alternating_ with metopes (part of Doric frieze).
39
Temple-building technique, 4 steps
## Footnote
1) Blocks of stone - **ROUGHENED**.
Anathyrosis – _roughened surface for adhesion_: two stone blocks are cut and put together, and not to slide during an earthquake they are fixed by roughening and smooth boarder.
Anathyrosis is always used in Greek stone architecture; developed _with the very first stone buildings_.
2) **LIFTING**. Different methods, e.g. :
* When they carved the _outside_ surface of the block, they left a _lifting boss_ that would allow them to fix the robe on it; at the end, would just _cut it off_. In some cases they even left them, on the Acropolis, for instance.
* Other way – different types of _metal clamps_. They also used iron pincers; little channels on the top as well.
3) KEEPING TOGETHER :
* _Taps_ and _slots_.
* Many – with _wooden dowels_.
* More common – different types of _iron clamps_, the most common – double _T-clamps_: one side has a carved T-shape; the other – T-sticking out. Always on **interior – not visible**.
* The idea: the place to poor something to glue them together; and to place the dowels to fix it; kind of like Ikea.
4) COLUMNS.
* either carved them in _drums_ and set together;
* or _monolithic_ (not very common) – out of one piece: **anathyrosis on the bottom**, set on the base, to anchor it --- same principle of clamping them together.
**Debate here**: whether the grooving was carved _on each separately_ or _on the already set column_. Evidences say that both ways were employed.
40
COLUMNS :
how could they be created?
and what is the debate around them?
* either carved them _in drums_ and set together;
* or _monolithic_ (not very common) – out of one piece: anathyrosis on the bottom, set on the base, to anchor it --- same principle of clamping them together.
## Footnote
**Debate here**: whether the grooving was carved _on each separately_ or on the _already set column_. Evidences say that both ways were employed.
41
LIFTING of stone blocks - examples of methods
e.g. :
* When they carved the outside surface of the block, they left a _lifting boss_ that would allow them to fix the robe on it; at the end, would just cut it off. In some cases they even left them, on the Acropolis, for instance.
* Other way – different types of _metal clamps_. They also used iron pincers; little channels on the top as well.
42
Structure of the temple :
name _7 components_
1) **EUTHYNTERION** – *the lower platform, a.k.a. **leveling course***, upon which the entire temple built .
2) **KLEPIDOMA** - *a solid stone stepped platform* - 2 components:
* _stereobate_ – *lower level*: in-set platforms that decrease in size, giving the temple the stairs all around;
* _stylobate_ – *upper level*: where the temple itself stands.
3) **COLUMNS** : *composed of drums;* slight _swelling_ - **entasis.**
4) **architrave** + **frieze** = **_ENTABLATURE_** which is *a horizontal superstructure*:
* · architrave could be carved differently but always plain.
* · frieze depends on the order.
5) Various _DECORATIVE SCHEMES_ – _no reasons for them_ (could be just remainders of the older temples; took the parts of the wooden buildings and created them in stone):
* · **guttae** – little things attached _over architrave_, stick out like teeth.
* · **mutule** – small blocks hanging from underside of frieze, _decorated with guttae_.
6) ROOF are **always pitched,** foriming 2 spaces (**pediments** or **tympanum**) on the back and front that are constructed by:
- **cornice** (=**geison**);
- r**aking cornice**.
_Roof-tiles_ are important: either out of fire terracotta or stone; joints are covered as with the previous buildings.
7) Other DECORATIVE features:
* · water spouts ;
* · antefixes ;
* · acroteria ;
* · pediment .
43
Discuss columns of the Greek temple, in general.
**BASE**,
* - _not always present_;
* - Normally set on the edge of stylobate.
* - Could be _of different shapes_.
**SHAFT**
* - **_always fluted_** (concaved part), with **_arrises_** (sharp part).
* Flutes could be different in shape.
**CAPITAL**
* on top of the shaft.
* Capital changes depending on different styles.
* In archaic _2 orders are used_: Doric and Ionic. Each has very strict rules (only by the end of Archaic period, rules get a bit relaxed).
* DORIC – 2 section:
- **echinus** – main lower part of capital that joins with shaft. Shaped like a cut donut. Echinus changes according to date: started with very huge ones; finished – smaller.
- **abacus** – flat rectangular block.
* IONIC – fancier but also 2 elements:
- **abacus** – very narrow, squished – gives more space for volume scroll.
- v**olute scroll** – double sided.
+ **NECKING BAND** at top of columns – linking section of shaft and capital.
44
How else could we call cornice?
geison
45
Entablature is composed of...
frieze and architrave
46
Discuss Greek temples' friezes in general
* *upper horizontal section*
* together with architrave _composes an entablature_
* _depends_ on the order:
* DORIC – metopes and triglyphs;
* IONIC – either flat or continuous frieze (one theme goes all around).
46
What are guttae and mulute?
* · **guttae** – little things attached over architrave, stick out like teeth.
* · **mutule** – small blocks hanging from underside of frieze, decorated with guttae.
Together : decorative elements of Greek temple.
47
Name other (than guttae and mutule) _decorations_ of Greek temple.
* **water spouts**
## Footnote
– in a _shape on animals_ with _open mouths_; out of stone; positioned at the _end of roof-tiles_;
* **antefixes**
– might have been used _to keep the roof tiles form sliding_ off or just decorative – simply _sitting at the end of roof-tiles_
\>\> _one could see decorations_ rather than the edges of the roof.
* **acroteria** – _3 on each side of the roof_; upright carved terracotta decorated slab/sculpture at apex of roof and corners;
* **pediment** – place formed by horizontal geison and ranking geison.
48
Discuss the roof structure
see the pic
49
How is the _space formed by the pitched roof on the front and back of the temple_ called? (2)
* pediment
* or _tympanum_
51
DIscuss the differences btw Doric and Ionic orders.
1 – COLUMN BASE:
Doric.
_No base_: the lower drum sets right on the stylobate.
Ionic.
Usually combined of a series of decorated schemes : _concave and convex curves_.
2 – COLUMN CAPITAL:
Doric.
- abacus : very _wide thick_;
- echinus :
initially - _quite large_;
later - gets smaller.
Ionic.
- volute scrolls
- a tiny abacus;
3 – FRIEZE :
Doric.
- metopes :
could be _carved_ or _plain_.
**Center of the column** has to fall in the **middle** of either the metopes or the triglyph.
- triglyphs
Ionic.
- could be entirely blank;
- could have _sculptural decoration_ (a.k.a. “**continuous frieze**” – sculptures would go all the way across the building, no interruption).
52
DIscuss the differences btw Doric and Ionic column capital.
## Footnote
DORIC – 2 section:
1. **echinus**
- main _lower part_ of capital that _joins with shaft._
- Shaped like a cut donut.
- c**_hanges according to date_**: started with very huge ones; finished – smaller.
2. **abacus** – _flat rectangular block_.
IONIC – fancier but _also 2 elements_:
1. **abacus** : very narrow, squished – gives more space for volume scroll.
2. **volute scroll** – double sided.
53
4 main areas of the temple
**Cella** – a.k.a. **naos:**
*central room* with, normally, some kind of support – columns – and cult statue;
**Pronaos** – front porch ;
formed _by the walls of the cella_ **_coming out_**. Number of columns supporting the porch.
**Opithodomos** :
normally has _the same configuration as pronaos_.
but frequently is shallower
**Adyton** – kind of a *back cella :*
sometimes _instead of opithodomos_.
**_Could be_** accessed from cella.
54
Discuss the columns of the temple plan-wise, e.g. how temple could be different depending on the arrangement of columns? etc.
COLUMNS
1. ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS (not the number) :
according to the relationship btw _columns_ and _the ends of the walls_ (a.k.a. “**_antae_**”; often the ends are _thickened_).
* “**temple in antis**”
Columns - _in lin_e with antae.
* **prostyle**
Columns - pushed _in front of the temple_ (in front of the end-blocks of temple walls).
* **Amphiprostyle**
Columns - both _in front_ and _at the back_ (not many of this one in archaic period).
2 - NUMBER OF COLUMNS _IN THE PORCH_ :
- _columns going around_ – formula:
columns on the short side times the columns on the long side
- columns in the porch:
* **distyle**
- 2 columns; _the most common_;
* **distyle in antis**
- 2 columns _in line with antae_;
* **tristyle**
- three columns;
* **tetrastyle**
- four columns; _usually, not more than 4 columns there_.
3 - ROWS OF COLUMNS :
* **peripteral**
– _single_ rows of columns around;
* **dipteral**
– two rows around
* **pseudo-diptera**l
– _room for two rows_ but _only the exterior row is present_
\>\> _more floor space_ than with dipteral (depends on the number of people and what they needed to do, etc.)
55
Identify
56
When does rectabgular plan become standardized?
around 630 BC - early 6th c. :
by the Archaic period, with stone buildings, the typical plan was already established.
