Archaic Italy abd the Origins of Rome Flashcards
1
Q
the three periods are the _______ period, ________ period and the _______ period (in order)
A
regal
republican
imperial
2
Q
what does regal mean in the regal period
A
king
when rome was rules by kings
3
Q
what does the rupublican period refer to
A
when rome was publicly run
citizens could vote, run for office etc
4
Q
what happened in the imperial period
A
the emporpr came to dominate rome and beame increasingly important
5
Q
true or false, rome grew slowly
A
false
6
Q
rome eventually took over the entire _________
A
mediterranean
7
Q
Italy in the ancient world is fairly _____ ____ from the other rich/established places (sa. Greece, Egypt, Persia)
A
cut off
8
Q
Why is the Italian Peninsula cut off?
A
The wind blows to the east, and storms over the sea to the east
Cut off from europe by the Alps
9
Q
why is the Mountain rage called the Apennines benificial in Italy and the mediterranean world
A
The mountains were volcanic
The volcanic ash causes fertility in the soiling leading to good farming conditions
Western side - good farming and soil, east - more dry
“Rain shadow effect”
10
Q
what is the rain shadow effect in Italy and the mediterranean world
A
As clouds are forced to go higher and higher over the mountains on the west side (pushed by wind) they are forced to let go of moisture in the form of rain, making the west side more moist and east more dry
11
Q
what about italy and the mediterranean world makes it easy to travel
A
navigable rivers
12
Q
what coeat of italy is more desireable
A
west coat
13
Q
what does latinum mean
A
rome in italian `
14
Q
the _____ devide italy from the rest of europe
A
alps
15
Q
where did the first permanent sttlements appear in italy and what where they
A
Where the most fertile land is (west side of Apennines)
ircular huts
16
Q
the developement of cities that would eventually dominate italian history occured during the _____ age
A
iron
17
Q
in eutruria, the irona asge culture of these centuries is known as _______ culture
A
villanovan
18
Q
what was the main trait of villinovan culture
A
enlarged settlements, typically situated on easily denfeded planes
19
Q
contact with Greeks and phenocians made with rome became a prominent factor in the _______ of rome. why?
A
developement
cause they were far more advanced at this point
20
Q
who cam ein contact with rome first
A. Greece
B. Phenocia
A
Phenocia
21
Q
during the rise of cities what began to appear strucurally
A
Architecture, roads, public buildings start to appear
“Monumental” Architecture
22
Q
what is manumental archetechture
A
a monument is something put up to remember something
ie. monumental architecture is work done as tribute to important people of their time
23
Q
during the rise of cities, how literate were the romans
A
Beginning of writing but no functional literacy (majority of romans functionally illiterate until about 400BC
24
Q
during the rise of cities, there was the first appearance of an ______ in society
A
elite
25
what does the orientalizing period refer to
the spread od non-italian ideas and art (appraed in grave sites)
and trading by more established cultured such as the phoenicians
26
along with the rise of cities came the rise of what relationship
patron/client
- poor turn to wealthy and obligate themselves to them
27
during the emergence of cities we saw major changes in the frequency of ______ and in its scale and oranization
warfare
28
the welaht and power of the upper casses rested upon their control of what
their followers and other dependents as well as over land
29
explain the meaning of gentile/gens and nomens/praenomens
gentiles are groups/divisions in roman societies, gens are the members
memebers were identified by a nomen that identified their gens
they also als a first/personal name, the praenomen
30
etruscans settles in _______ of italy
north
31
a federration was established centered in etriria, how many cities were arat of it
12
Each independent from one another but worked together to control this region
32
the etruscans went through their own orientalizing period but took great influence from the greeks
greeks
33
explain the relationship between orientalization between the greeks, etruscans and romans
They rip off greek art (borrow from it)
Romans rip off etruscan art (so kind of greek too)
Eg: they don't have a symposia or athletics yet made art of both because that's what the greeks do (so it must be dope)
Etruscan temples also reflected some greek aspects - this doric temple
34
what is a heptoscopy
Take a liver form an animal, and the marks/symbols that are made on each irregularity relate to an interpretation of what they must do to heal
35
why was rome a favourable defensive location
Due to 7 hills of Rome
36
what is the forum romanum (roman forum)
the city's political and religious center
located in the valley seperating the hills
37
the forum also became rome;s most promient ______ site. What other buldings eventually emerged here and what were they used for
building site
comitium, curia hostilia - used for functiong of the roman state (like voting n shit)
38
what were the salt flats? how did they profit from them
Due to flooding from a big ass storm which would cause water to run up river - salt water comes rushing up, when it hits bend it washes over and causes salt flats - left salt in soil
They profited from salt
39
the king __________ was deposed by his brother __________ who fored with daughter Rhea Silvia to become a ________
numitor, amulis
virgin
40
the god mars did what to Rhea Silva
impregnated her with twin boys; Romulus and Remus
41
Amilus gave what orders after Rhea Silva gave birth
to them to be drowned, but their basket washed up on shore
42
what happened when the twins washed up on shore of Tiber
they were nutored by a she-wolf
a shephered rescured them
43
one the twin bros grew uo, what did they do?
they overthre amulius, restored numitor to his throne and founded their own city where they were saved
All their followers were male
44
the two brother got in a fight and what happened
romulus killed remus
romulus became rome's sole founder and the first of 7 kings
45
rolumlus had a problem, he didnt have enough women to grow the population of rome, how did he solve this problem
invited the sabines to festival, abducts their women
46
romulus's successor was ____
numa Pompilus
47
after romulus killed remus, he built a trench called the _______, and a wall surrounding it called the ______
mundus
pomerium
48
there were 7 mythical kings, name the first three in order
romulus
numus ponmilius
tullius hostilius
49
who is the 7th of the mythical kings
Tarquinius Superbus
50
In rome, the mass of adult male citizens was known as the _______ romanus
populus romanus
51
what caused the end of the 7 kings
tarquin was outside of the city at war debating about whose wife was the best
They went back to rome and spied on their wives
lucretia wins cause she doesnt fuck
The son of Tarquinius falls in love with her, sneaks back to her and pulls a knife on her to make her fuck him (wtf rape) and blackmails her
She does it, tells her husband eventually
They dont blame her, and she admits she isn't in the wrong but kills herself anyways (to not set a bad example for other women to use this as an excuse)
Tarquin refused admittance back into Rome, as they said they would never allow admittance to another king into Rome
52
romes population integrated into the city's institutions through groups known as the _______
curia/curiae
53
______ evenutually made new tribes, the old ones werent eliminated but the new ones were more ______
tullius
important
54
latin cities were less _______ , at least to other latins
exclusive
55
the latins possessed the right of conubium, what does this mean
permits them to marry with a resident of any other latin city
56
latins also had the right on commercium, what does this mmean
allowed latins to own land in any of the latin cities and to male legally enforcable contracts with other citizens
57
latins were not politically _______
unified
58
the lack of unification ebtween latin cities was due to _____, how did this lead to rome's domination?
war
the more powerful cities competed for primacy, ans thus would take out the smaller cities until one prevailed - rome
59
rome was atthis point the wealthiest and most powerful city but underwent turbulence, what switch in rules resulted from this turbulence
from monarchies to the beginning of the roman republic
60
after tarqu's ban, what did he plan to do
storm rome
61
when tarqu attacked rome, what happened
him and his army are killed on a bridge when rome restroys the bridge while their on it
62
who takes over the responsibilities of the king and his court
magistrates
63
what are magistrates
government officials
64
The only people who can hold and run for office are people from certain families know as ________
patricians
65
who chooses which memer of the patrician will get into office
the people
66
in times of emergency, the romans resorted to what
dictators appointed by consul
esp used during wars
67
how long did dictators last
6 montus or duration of emergency
68
the ________ assembly chose the highest officical and rendered judgements in importatn court cases
centuriate
69
the ______ were a group of ten that were to hold power for one year (over the consuls); by the end of the year they were to create laws to regulate the republic
decemvirs
70
what did the decemvirs create
law of twelve tables - official text for law in rome so plebains could see posted laws
71
in romes's war with the latins, who won
no clear winner = trick q
72
what waas formed after the war with the latins
latin league
73
what is the latin leage
Rome alternates leaderships with other cities (yearly)
Rome gets half of all spoils taken in wars
All cities have free trade, marriage, and immigration (anyone who wants to become a member can become a member)
74
what two groups were invovled in the struggle of the orders? explain them
Patricians - aristocrats/high class
Plebeians - anyone who is not a patrician, “people of the earth”
75
explain the cyclical rebellion og the plebians
Plebeians would come to a deadlock on a certain issue, would all go leave the city (go on a sort of strike), and patricians would eventually give in
This happened over and over
76
what changes did the plebian rebellion result in
tribunes created - only plebians could vote on them
law of 12 tables - actual laws created
Plebeians can marry patricians
Plebeians can be consuls (run for office)
Plebeians can pass laws building on all Romans - beforehand only applied to plebians
77
to be a patrician you had to belong to.....?
one of the few wealthy, powerul families
78
the strike held by the plebians against the patricians was known as the _______
secession
79
Rome was always in war, and thus created a ________ army
professional army
80
in the fourth century, Rome defeated what rich and powerful city in italy
Veii
81
what did rome and veii fight over?
land, and the power of smaller cities
rome gained all of veii's land in the end
82
how did the roman draft work?
Every year they hold a draft, those people would serve for a year, new group the next year
Everyone took a turn
83
why did rome start paying their soldiers
When at war ppl couldnt work on their farms and provide for themselves on their family - Rome started paying soldiers (bad pay but styll)
84
following romes victory over veii, a while later who sacked rome? how did they get to rome?
Group Gauls cross the mountains of Apeninne and sacked Rome
85
Gauls tried to sneak attack at night, what warned the romans of their arrival
A flock of geese honked when they saw them coming, waking up romans
86
hoe did the romans get the gauls to go away
paid them off
87
what werid tradition came from the sack of rome
Romans honoured the geese by saying no one will kill geese on that hill, and they fed them
88
what were the gauls described as
barbaric, standing at 6 feet tall
Fun fact - when they won they would jump up and down and scream “ooloooloooloooloo”
89
where to the gauls come fomr
accross the alps, central europe
90
who is the dictator that was put in charge during the fight against veii, and the recovery after the sack of rome
Marcus Furiys Camillus
91
what did camillus do (as the dictator) after the gauls had entered rome
(hint 3 things)
defeated the Gallic army
and recovered treasure that the gauls had taken from the city
opened the highest offices to plebians
92
roman offices/magistacies lasted for typically how long
long year
93
_______ refferes to the right to command or carry out the laws
to tell someone "you have to do this hoe"
imperium
94
give an example of imperium in battles and in cities
battles - right to tell someone to march
cities - autority fiures
95
plebians sought eligibility for the highest ________, many patricians ______ such demans
offices
resisted
96
how many consuls chosen each year
2
97
during their year in office consuls served primairily as ________
generals (in rome's wars)
98
what did consuls do in when they were not at war, (in the city)
exercised the highest juridical power in the Roman empire
had imperium
99
a dude in ancient rome is wearing a purple toga (robe) and is sitting chair inlaid with ivroy (curule)
what position do they hold
consul
100
the consuls were surrounded by 12 _______, who maintained order in their presence and carried double-headed axes called fasces
lictors
101
what dd the Licinians-Sextian laws address
matters of land use, debt, fixed the consuls as the hgihest level in the city and allowed plebians to compete for the role
102
Lucius Genucius lassed a low requiring at least one of two consuls chosen per year to be a ______
plebian
103
what was the role below consul
praetor
104
what did the paetor do
back-up Imperium - could run the city temporarily if the consul was at war or something
Legal disputes: Ran the law courts
105
true or false
plebians could be praetors
true! gained the right in 337
106
at first there was ____ praetor, eventually they added ____ more, and the number then increased to ____
1 at first
2 after
number continues to maximum of 6
roles were divided between them
107
both consuls and praetor both had power dependent on their imperium and ________ - their right to seel the apprival of the gos for their tenure in office
aupicium
108
auspicium involved rituals known as _______ to seek approval of the gods
auspicies
109
what is the role beneath praetor
aedile
110
they elected ____ aediles annually, but there were a total of ___ pairs
two
two pairs (4 total)
111
who told aediles what to do
consul
112
what positions is below the aedile
quaestor
113
what did the quaestors do
took care of public money
could only offer advice
114
what is the magistry lower than the quaestor
the ten tribune of the plebs
115
like the consuls and the praetors, the tribunes could summon citizens to ____
vote
116
the tribunes were meant to ______ the civil _____ of the common people
protect the civil rights of the common people
117
the tribunes could _______ nothing but ______ anything
initiate nothing
vito anything
118
what right the the tribunes eventually lose
right to prevent consuls and praetors from doing what they can (no more vito power)
119
before this entire system was put into place, the _____ has possed the right to approve all leisisglation
patricians
120
how many censore were there
2
121
what was different of about period of time and election of the censore
they were elcted every 5 years, for 18 months at a time
122
what did the censor do
ran a census
audited - ran a moral investigation of leading members of the community
Investigated their lifestyle to see if they deserve to be in that role, if not they could kick you out
123
a _______ was someone who took power over every magisty in times of crisis (martial law) and had imperium over all
dictator
124
the censors' importance increased when they began to choose the _____
senate
125
the fact that you had to be a censor before a quaestor, and an adile before a praetor... and so on, is known as the ______ ______
cursus honorum
126
the cursus honorum also applied to dictators, they had to be a _______ previously
consul
127
the senate was a ______ membership, and all they could do was ______
lifetime
advise
128
who was the senate composed of
all who have ever held office in the curus honorum
129
every 5 years the censore would compile a list of around ____ senators
3000
130
Lucius Genucius led a tribune of lebs to pass a law called "iteration", restricting what two things
(hint ; has to do with ability to hold office)
holding more than one office at the same time
holding the same office more than once in any then year period
131
what did the assemblies of citizens do
chose new magistrates, but cannot vote directly on laws
132
the roman people in the assemblies of citizens met in a _______ to vote on who would hold office
comitia (assembly)
133
how many people met for the assemblies of citizens
oepen to everyone! the umber varied
134
the tribune of the plebs summoned citizens by their _____ to elect or vote, this was known as the plebian assembly
tribes
135
there are 4 tribes in romes known as the ____ tribes
and the rest were _____ tribes (whose number increased over time)
urban
rural
136
The romans adopted a lot of ______ culture
greek
137
what was the raltionship between the roman and greks gods
romans had their own gods but they werebasiclally the greek gods with different names - jupiter (roman) is the roman pronunciation of zeus (greek)
138
_______ are groups of priests charinf the same function and had an importnat role in roman public life
colleges
139
the romans had ______ spirits which were psrits of rivers, forsts, roads, mountains, towns etc.. (ie. specific gods for specific things)
animistic
140
what was weird about the holidays on the roman calendar
More than half of their calendar has a holiday, towards some god or goddess
holidays made in a pragmatic way.
Eg they are going to war or something and they bargain with a God of luck, and offer a holiday in return
141
pointiffs, flamens and augurs are all _______ _______
prestly colleges
142
________ took omens that predicted the future
augurs
143
________ carried out the ceremonies/specific steps of a contract made with the gods; told you how to so what you needed to do according to your contract
flamens
144
pointiffs were administrative and oversaw religious contracts made between you (or govvy) with the gods
pointiffs
145
whats the difference between pointiffs and flamens
pointiffs make the contracts with the gods
flamens carried out the ceremonies needed
146
what is the story behind the books of sybil? how many are there
Tarquin (last king of rome is approached by an elderly woman (The Sybil)
she has 9 bppks with all you need to know about the will fo the gods
they debate back and forth and the sybil burns of of them until he submits to her wishes
3 books left = books of sybil
147
how could priests abuse their power
Interpreting the omens badly in their own favour (often for political reasons)
148
the vestal virgins performed the rites of Roman Goddess Vesta
what was their main job
to tend to the sacred-flame / home-fire of Rome
if fire goes out, rome is said to be in danger
149
the vestal virgin was a highly ______ position
the fire lasted _____ years
there were ___ virgins
honoured position
30 years
6 virgins
150
Rivers, trees, fields and buildings each had their own ________
Worshipping more than one ______ was a part of early Roman culture.
numen
151
Farmers would try to purify the fields using a _____ to ensure they had a good crop
numen (spirit)
152
_____ were guardian spirits (usually ancestors)
lares
153
lares often had ______ set up in a little nook to honor them (recall the image shown in class)
statues
154
the _____ was a powerful birth sprit that protected an individual
Genius
155
was does it mean if a roman tells you
"damn dawg you HAVE a genius"
instead of meaning smarts, reffers to you having a good spirit looking over you
156
_____ is the ability to compel the supernatural to your will without having to go through the usual process (shortcut type thang)
magic
157
_____ are used to ward off illness and bad luck
amulets
158
the _____ is the the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs
pontifex
159
what is Roman syncretism
when two cultures come into contact, their cultural practices will take on aspects of one another
160
magna mater, mithras, isis, bacchus and yaweh are all examples of what
religions/gods
161
name the religion:
god of wine, freedom, intoxication and ecstasy
that all i got lmao
bacchus
162
name the religion:
Discovered during War when someone said - “We must find the great mother and bring her to rome”
Small area said they had her
Told them to do sum crazy things (like castrating ppl) in the name of the gods and the romans were like “aight bruh sure”
They worshipped her cause they were told to to win their war
magna mater (cybele)
163
name the religion:
had unofficial tempels at rome
worshipped venus (cleopatra)
So popular it had to be banned
isis
fyi: Venus = Isis = (cleopatra)
164
name the religion:
Worship of a persian soldier - the warrior who leads the fight of light against the bull of darkness
Zoroastrianism was his name
Becomes a Roman military cult
Eventually banned
mithras
165
name the religion:
Jewish faith, very popular with romans
Romans became “god fearers”
This religion was a problem for the roman govvy
There were more revolts in judea than anywhere else in roman empire, as people were trying to “save the holy land”
Yaweh
