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Classics term 2 > Archaic Italy abd the Origins of Rome > Flashcards

Archaic Italy abd the Origins of Rome Flashcards

1
Q

the three periods are the _______ period, ________ period and the _______ period (in order)

A

regal
republican
imperial

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2
Q

what does regal mean in the regal period

A

king

when rome was rules by kings

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3
Q

what does the rupublican period refer to

A

when rome was publicly run
citizens could vote, run for office etc

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4
Q

what happened in the imperial period

A

the emporpr came to dominate rome and beame increasingly important

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5
Q

true or false, rome grew slowly

A

false

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6
Q

rome eventually took over the entire _________

A

mediterranean

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7
Q

Italy in the ancient world is fairly _____ ____ from the other rich/established places (sa. Greece, Egypt, Persia)

A

cut off

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8
Q

Why is the Italian Peninsula cut off?

A

The wind blows to the east, and storms over the sea to the east

Cut off from europe by the Alps

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9
Q

why is the Mountain rage called the Apennines benificial in Italy and the mediterranean world

A

The mountains were volcanic
The volcanic ash causes fertility in the soiling leading to good farming conditions

Western side - good farming and soil, east - more dry

“Rain shadow effect”

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10
Q

what is the rain shadow effect in Italy and the mediterranean world

A

As clouds are forced to go higher and higher over the mountains on the west side (pushed by wind) they are forced to let go of moisture in the form of rain, making the west side more moist and east more dry

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11
Q

what about italy and the mediterranean world makes it easy to travel

A

navigable rivers

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12
Q

what coeat of italy is more desireable

A

west coat

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13
Q

what does latinum mean

A

rome in italian `

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14
Q

the _____ devide italy from the rest of europe

A

alps

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15
Q

where did the first permanent sttlements appear in italy and what where they

A

Where the most fertile land is (west side of Apennines)

ircular huts

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16
Q

the developement of cities that would eventually dominate italian history occured during the _____ age

A

iron

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17
Q

in eutruria, the irona asge culture of these centuries is known as _______ culture

A

villanovan

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18
Q

what was the main trait of villinovan culture

A

enlarged settlements, typically situated on easily denfeded planes

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19
Q

contact with Greeks and phenocians made with rome became a prominent factor in the _______ of rome. why?

A

developement

cause they were far more advanced at this point

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20
Q

who cam ein contact with rome first

A. Greece
B. Phenocia

A

Phenocia

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21
Q

during the rise of cities what began to appear strucurally

A

Architecture, roads, public buildings start to appear

“Monumental” Architecture

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22
Q

what is manumental archetechture

A

a monument is something put up to remember something

ie. monumental architecture is work done as tribute to important people of their time

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23
Q

during the rise of cities, how literate were the romans

A

Beginning of writing but no functional literacy (majority of romans functionally illiterate until about 400BC

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24
Q

during the rise of cities, there was the first appearance of an ______ in society

A

elite

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25
Q

what does the orientalizing period refer to

A

the spread od non-italian ideas and art (appraed in grave sites)

and trading by more established cultured such as the phoenicians

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26
Q

along with the rise of cities came the rise of what relationship

A

patron/client
- poor turn to wealthy and obligate themselves to them

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27
Q

during the emergence of cities we saw major changes in the frequency of ______ and in its scale and oranization

A

warfare

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28
Q

the welaht and power of the upper casses rested upon their control of what

A

their followers and other dependents as well as over land

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29
Q

explain the meaning of gentile/gens and nomens/praenomens

A

gentiles are groups/divisions in roman societies, gens are the members

memebers were identified by a nomen that identified their gens

they also als a first/personal name, the praenomen

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30
Q

etruscans settles in _______ of italy

A

north

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31
Q

a federration was established centered in etriria, how many cities were arat of it

A

12

Each independent from one another but worked together to control this region

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32
Q

the etruscans went through their own orientalizing period but took great influence from the greeks

A

greeks

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33
Q

explain the relationship between orientalization between the greeks, etruscans and romans

A

They rip off greek art (borrow from it)
Romans rip off etruscan art (so kind of greek too)
Eg: they don’t have a symposia or athletics yet made art of both because that’s what the greeks do (so it must be dope)

Etruscan temples also reflected some greek aspects - this doric temple

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34
Q

what is a heptoscopy

A

Take a liver form an animal, and the marks/symbols that are made on each irregularity relate to an interpretation of what they must do to heal

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35
Q

why was rome a favourable defensive location

A

Due to 7 hills of Rome

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36
Q

what is the forum romanum (roman forum)

A

the city’s political and religious center

located in the valley seperating the hills

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37
Q

the forum also became rome;s most promient ______ site. What other buldings eventually emerged here and what were they used for

A

building site

comitium, curia hostilia - used for functiong of the roman state (like voting n shit)

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38
Q

what were the salt flats? how did they profit from them

A

Due to flooding from a big ass storm which would cause water to run up river - salt water comes rushing up, when it hits bend it washes over and causes salt flats - left salt in soil

They profited from salt

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39
Q

the king __________ was deposed by his brother __________ who fored with daughter Rhea Silvia to become a ________

A

numitor, amulis
virgin

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40
Q

the god mars did what to Rhea Silva

A

impregnated her with twin boys; Romulus and Remus

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41
Q

Amilus gave what orders after Rhea Silva gave birth

A

to them to be drowned, but their basket washed up on shore

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42
Q

what happened when the twins washed up on shore of Tiber

A

they were nutored by a she-wolf

a shephered rescured them

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43
Q

one the twin bros grew uo, what did they do?

A

they overthre amulius, restored numitor to his throne and founded their own city where they were saved

All their followers were male

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44
Q

the two brother got in a fight and what happened

A

romulus killed remus

romulus became rome’s sole founder and the first of 7 kings

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45
Q

rolumlus had a problem, he didnt have enough women to grow the population of rome, how did he solve this problem

A

invited the sabines to festival, abducts their women

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46
Q

romulus’s successor was ____

A

numa Pompilus

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47
Q

after romulus killed remus, he built a trench called the _______, and a wall surrounding it called the ______

A

mundus

pomerium

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48
Q

there were 7 mythical kings, name the first three in order

A

romulus
numus ponmilius
tullius hostilius

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49
Q

who is the 7th of the mythical kings

A

Tarquinius Superbus

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50
Q

In rome, the mass of adult male citizens was known as the _______ romanus

A

populus romanus

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51
Q

what caused the end of the 7 kings

A

tarquin was outside of the city at war debating about whose wife was the best
They went back to rome and spied on their wives
lucretia wins cause she doesnt fuck

The son of Tarquinius falls in love with her, sneaks back to her and pulls a knife on her to make her fuck him (wtf rape) and blackmails her

She does it, tells her husband eventually

They dont blame her, and she admits she isn’t in the wrong but kills herself anyways (to not set a bad example for other women to use this as an excuse)

Tarquin refused admittance back into Rome, as they said they would never allow admittance to another king into Rome

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52
Q

romes population integrated into the city’s institutions through groups known as the _______

A

curia/curiae

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53
Q

______ evenutually made new tribes, the old ones werent eliminated but the new ones were more ______

A

tullius

important

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54
Q

latin cities were less _______ , at least to other latins

A

exclusive

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55
Q

the latins possessed the right of conubium, what does this mean

A

permits them to marry with a resident of any other latin city

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56
Q

latins also had the right on commercium, what does this mmean

A

allowed latins to own land in any of the latin cities and to male legally enforcable contracts with other citizens

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57
Q

latins were not politically _______

A

unified

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58
Q

the lack of unification ebtween latin cities was due to _____, how did this lead to rome’s domination?

A

war

the more powerful cities competed for primacy, ans thus would take out the smaller cities until one prevailed - rome

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59
Q

rome was atthis point the wealthiest and most powerful city but underwent turbulence, what switch in rules resulted from this turbulence

A

from monarchies to the beginning of the roman republic

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60
Q

after tarqu’s ban, what did he plan to do

A

storm rome

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61
Q

when tarqu attacked rome, what happened

A

him and his army are killed on a bridge when rome restroys the bridge while their on it

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62
Q

who takes over the responsibilities of the king and his court

A

magistrates

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63
Q

what are magistrates

A

government officials

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64
Q

The only people who can hold and run for office are people from certain families know as ________

A

patricians

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65
Q

who chooses which memer of the patrician will get into office

A

the people

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66
Q

in times of emergency, the romans resorted to what

A

dictators appointed by consul
esp used during wars

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67
Q

how long did dictators last

A

6 montus or duration of emergency

68
Q

the ________ assembly chose the highest officical and rendered judgements in importatn court cases

A

centuriate

69
Q

the ______ were a group of ten that were to hold power for one year (over the consuls); by the end of the year they were to create laws to regulate the republic

A

decemvirs

70
Q

what did the decemvirs create

A

law of twelve tables - official text for law in rome so plebains could see posted laws

71
Q

in romes’s war with the latins, who won

A

no clear winner = trick q

72
Q

what waas formed after the war with the latins

A

latin league

73
Q

what is the latin leage

A

Rome alternates leaderships with other cities (yearly)

Rome gets half of all spoils taken in wars

All cities have free trade, marriage, and immigration (anyone who wants to become a member can become a member)

74
Q

what two groups were invovled in the struggle of the orders? explain them

A

Patricians - aristocrats/high class

Plebeians - anyone who is not a patrician, “people of the earth”

75
Q

explain the cyclical rebellion og the plebians

A

Plebeians would come to a deadlock on a certain issue, would all go leave the city (go on a sort of strike), and patricians would eventually give in
This happened over and over

76
Q

what changes did the plebian rebellion result in

A

tribunes created - only plebians could vote on them

law of 12 tables - actual laws created

Plebeians can marry patricians

Plebeians can be consuls (run for office)

Plebeians can pass laws building on all Romans - beforehand only applied to plebians

77
Q

to be a patrician you had to belong to…..?

A

one of the few wealthy, powerul families

78
Q

the strike held by the plebians against the patricians was known as the _______

A

secession

79
Q

Rome was always in war, and thus created a ________ army

A

professional army

80
Q

in the fourth century, Rome defeated what rich and powerful city in italy

A

Veii

81
Q

what did rome and veii fight over?

A

land, and the power of smaller cities

rome gained all of veii’s land in the end

82
Q

how did the roman draft work?

A

Every year they hold a draft, those people would serve for a year, new group the next year
Everyone took a turn

83
Q

why did rome start paying their soldiers

A

When at war ppl couldnt work on their farms and provide for themselves on their family - Rome started paying soldiers (bad pay but styll)

84
Q

following romes victory over veii, a while later who sacked rome? how did they get to rome?

A

Group Gauls cross the mountains of Apeninne and sacked Rome

85
Q

Gauls tried to sneak attack at night, what warned the romans of their arrival

A

A flock of geese honked when they saw them coming, waking up romans

86
Q

hoe did the romans get the gauls to go away

A

paid them off

87
Q

what werid tradition came from the sack of rome

A

Romans honoured the geese by saying no one will kill geese on that hill, and they fed them

88
Q

what were the gauls described as

A

barbaric, standing at 6 feet tall

Fun fact - when they won they would jump up and down and scream “ooloooloooloooloo”

89
Q

where to the gauls come fomr

A

accross the alps, central europe

90
Q

who is the dictator that was put in charge during the fight against veii, and the recovery after the sack of rome

A

Marcus Furiys Camillus

91
Q

what did camillus do (as the dictator) after the gauls had entered rome

(hint 3 things)

A

defeated the Gallic army

and recovered treasure that the gauls had taken from the city

opened the highest offices to plebians

92
Q

roman offices/magistacies lasted for typically how long

A

long year

93
Q

_______ refferes to the right to command or carry out the laws

to tell someone “you have to do this hoe”

A

imperium

94
Q

give an example of imperium in battles and in cities

A

battles - right to tell someone to march

cities - autority fiures

95
Q

plebians sought eligibility for the highest ________, many patricians ______ such demans

A

offices

resisted

96
Q

how many consuls chosen each year

A

2

97
Q

during their year in office consuls served primairily as ________

A

generals (in rome’s wars)

98
Q

what did consuls do in when they were not at war, (in the city)

A

exercised the highest juridical power in the Roman empire

had imperium

99
Q

a dude in ancient rome is wearing a purple toga (robe) and is sitting chair inlaid with ivroy (curule)

what position do they hold

A

consul

100
Q

the consuls were surrounded by 12 _______, who maintained order in their presence and carried double-headed axes called fasces

A

lictors

101
Q

what dd the Licinians-Sextian laws address

A

matters of land use, debt, fixed the consuls as the hgihest level in the city and allowed plebians to compete for the role

102
Q

Lucius Genucius lassed a low requiring at least one of two consuls chosen per year to be a ______

A

plebian

103
Q

what was the role below consul

A

praetor

104
Q

what did the paetor do

A

back-up Imperium - could run the city temporarily if the consul was at war or something

Legal disputes: Ran the law courts

105
Q

true or false

plebians could be praetors

A

true! gained the right in 337

106
Q

at first there was ____ praetor, eventually they added ____ more, and the number then increased to ____

A

1 at first

2 after

number continues to maximum of 6

roles were divided between them

107
Q

both consuls and praetor both had power dependent on their imperium and ________ - their right to seel the apprival of the gos for their tenure in office

A

aupicium

108
Q

auspicium involved rituals known as _______ to seek approval of the gods

A

auspicies

109
Q

what is the role beneath praetor

A

aedile

110
Q

they elected ____ aediles annually, but there were a total of ___ pairs

A

two

two pairs (4 total)

111
Q

who told aediles what to do

A

consul

112
Q

what positions is below the aedile

A

quaestor

113
Q

what did the quaestors do

A

took care of public money

could only offer advice

114
Q

what is the magistry lower than the quaestor

A

the ten tribune of the plebs

115
Q

like the consuls and the praetors, the tribunes could summon citizens to ____

A

vote

116
Q

the tribunes were meant to ______ the civil _____ of the common people

A

protect the civil rights of the common people

117
Q

the tribunes could _______ nothing but ______ anything

A

initiate nothing

vito anything

118
Q

what right the the tribunes eventually lose

A

right to prevent consuls and praetors from doing what they can (no more vito power)

119
Q

before this entire system was put into place, the _____ has possed the right to approve all leisisglation

A

patricians

120
Q

how many censore were there

A

2

121
Q

what was different of about period of time and election of the censore

A

they were elcted every 5 years, for 18 months at a time

122
Q

what did the censor do

A

ran a census

audited - ran a moral investigation of leading members of the community
Investigated their lifestyle to see if they deserve to be in that role, if not they could kick you out

123
Q

a _______ was someone who took power over every magisty in times of crisis (martial law) and had imperium over all

A

dictator

124
Q

the censors’ importance increased when they began to choose the _____

A

senate

125
Q

the fact that you had to be a censor before a quaestor, and an adile before a praetor… and so on, is known as the ______ ______

A

cursus honorum

126
Q

the cursus honorum also applied to dictators, they had to be a _______ previously

A

consul

127
Q

the senate was a ______ membership, and all they could do was ______

A

lifetime

advise

128
Q

who was the senate composed of

A

all who have ever held office in the curus honorum

129
Q

every 5 years the censore would compile a list of around ____ senators

A

3000

130
Q

Lucius Genucius led a tribune of lebs to pass a law called “iteration”, restricting what two things

(hint ; has to do with ability to hold office)

A

holding more than one office at the same time
holding the same office more than once in any then year period

131
Q

what did the assemblies of citizens do

A

chose new magistrates, but cannot vote directly on laws

132
Q

the roman people in the assemblies of citizens met in a _______ to vote on who would hold office

A

comitia (assembly)

133
Q

how many people met for the assemblies of citizens

A

oepen to everyone! the umber varied

134
Q

the tribune of the plebs summoned citizens by their _____ to elect or vote, this was known as the plebian assembly

A

tribes

135
Q

there are 4 tribes in romes known as the ____ tribes

and the rest were _____ tribes (whose number increased over time)

A

urban

rural

136
Q

The romans adopted a lot of ______ culture

A

greek

137
Q

what was the raltionship between the roman and greks gods

A

romans had their own gods but they werebasiclally the greek gods with different names - jupiter (roman) is the roman pronunciation of zeus (greek)

138
Q

_______ are groups of priests charinf the same function and had an importnat role in roman public life

A

colleges

139
Q

the romans had ______ spirits which were psrits of rivers, forsts, roads, mountains, towns etc.. (ie. specific gods for specific things)

A

animistic

140
Q

what was weird about the holidays on the roman calendar

A

More than half of their calendar has a holiday, towards some god or goddess

holidays made in a pragmatic way.
Eg they are going to war or something and they bargain with a God of luck, and offer a holiday in return

141
Q

pointiffs, flamens and augurs are all _______ _______

A

prestly colleges

142
Q

________ took omens that predicted the future

A

augurs

143
Q

________ carried out the ceremonies/specific steps of a contract made with the gods; told you how to so what you needed to do according to your contract

A

flamens

144
Q

pointiffs were administrative and oversaw religious contracts made between you (or govvy) with the gods

A

pointiffs

145
Q

whats the difference between pointiffs and flamens

A

pointiffs make the contracts with the gods

flamens carried out the ceremonies needed

146
Q

what is the story behind the books of sybil? how many are there

A

Tarquin (last king of rome is approached by an elderly woman (The Sybil)
she has 9 bppks with all you need to know about the will fo the gods
they debate back and forth and the sybil burns of of them until he submits to her wishes
3 books left = books of sybil

147
Q

how could priests abuse their power

A

Interpreting the omens badly in their own favour (often for political reasons)

148
Q

the vestal virgins performed the rites of Roman Goddess Vesta

what was their main job

A

to tend to the sacred-flame / home-fire of Rome

if fire goes out, rome is said to be in danger

149
Q

the vestal virgin was a highly ______ position
the fire lasted _____ years
there were ___ virgins

A

honoured position
30 years
6 virgins

150
Q

Rivers, trees, fields and buildings each had their own ________

Worshipping more than one ______ was a part of early Roman culture.

A

numen

151
Q

Farmers would try to purify the fields using a _____ to ensure they had a good crop

A

numen (spirit)

152
Q

_____ were guardian spirits (usually ancestors)

A

lares

153
Q

lares often had ______ set up in a little nook to honor them (recall the image shown in class)

A

statues

154
Q

the _____ was a powerful birth sprit that protected an individual

A

Genius

155
Q

was does it mean if a roman tells you

“damn dawg you HAVE a genius”

A

instead of meaning smarts, reffers to you having a good spirit looking over you

156
Q

_____ is the ability to compel the supernatural to your will without having to go through the usual process (shortcut type thang)

A

magic

157
Q

_____ are used to ward off illness and bad luck

A

amulets

158
Q

the _____ is the the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs

A

pontifex

159
Q

what is Roman syncretism

A

when two cultures come into contact, their cultural practices will take on aspects of one another

160
Q

magna mater, mithras, isis, bacchus and yaweh are all examples of what

A

religions/gods

161
Q

name the religion:

god of wine, freedom, intoxication and ecstasy
that all i got lmao

A

bacchus

162
Q

name the religion:

Discovered during War when someone said - “We must find the great mother and bring her to rome”
Small area said they had her
Told them to do sum crazy things (like castrating ppl) in the name of the gods and the romans were like “aight bruh sure”

They worshipped her cause they were told to to win their war

A

magna mater (cybele)

163
Q

name the religion:

had unofficial tempels at rome
worshipped venus (cleopatra)
So popular it had to be banned

A

isis

fyi: Venus = Isis = (cleopatra)

164
Q

name the religion:

Worship of a persian soldier - the warrior who leads the fight of light against the bull of darkness
Zoroastrianism was his name
Becomes a Roman military cult
Eventually banned

A

mithras

165
Q

name the religion:

Jewish faith, very popular with romans
Romans became “god fearers”
This religion was a problem for the roman govvy
There were more revolts in judea than anywhere else in roman empire, as people were trying to “save the holy land”

A

Yaweh

Classics term 2 (6 decks)

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