Arbo-Bacteria Flashcards

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2
Q

vertebrate hosts for Lyme disease

A

Rodents

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3
Q

vectors for lyme disease

A

black legged ticks

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4
Q

borrelia burgdorferi (the bacterial cause of lyme disease) is a?

A

spirochete

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5
Q

the most common place to develop arthritis secondary to lyme disease is the?

A

knee (86% in one study)

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6
Q

at what time of year is Lyme disease spread?

A

summer months, peaking in July

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7
Q

what are the 3 life stages of a tick and what must occur before development into each subsequent stage?

A

larvae ? nymph ? adult, must have 1 blood meal at each stage

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8
Q

what is the typical feeding cycle of a tick (what host at what stage)?

A

larvae feed on rodent with b. burgdorferi ? nymph feed on humans or rodents and transmit spirochete ? adults feed on deer, sometimes humans

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9
Q

how do black legged ticks acquire borrelia burgdorferi?

A

they must feed on an infected mouse/rodent (no vertical transmission)

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10
Q

how long must ticks feed in order to transmit borrelia?

A

48 hours, because this is how long it takes for the spirochetes to travel from the tick gut to the tick saliva

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11
Q

where in the US is the incidence of Lyme disease greatest?

A

NE, upper midwest (kind of follows democratic voting haha)

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12
Q

how is the global distribution of Lyme disease different from most?

A

found in temperate regions, rather than tropical like most

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13
Q

genome of b. burgdorferi

A

full of plasmids, membrane proteins constantly change and remodel

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14
Q

how does b. burgdorgeri cause disease in host?

A

extracellular, antibodies cannot clear infection, lipoproteins activate TLR2 and cause inflammation

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15
Q

how is b. burg able to survive in so many different hosts?

A

phase variation, can turn genes on and off

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16
Q

how does b. burgdorgeri evade the human immune response?

A

antigenic variation through DNA recombination of the vls cassette – surface is constantly changing and antibodies cannot keep up

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17
Q

most lyme disease patients don’t recall a tick bite because?

A

the nympho stage when humans are usually infected is very small

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18
Q

what type of rash is seen with lyme disease?

A

erythema migrans (darker on the outside than in the middle)

19
Q

symptoms of stage I LD

A

local erythema migrans

20
Q

symptoms of stage II LD

A

arthritis, meningitis, carditis, secondary erythema migrans

21
Q

symptoms of stage III LD

A

long-term survival of BB; arthritis, encephalopathy

22
Q

diagnosis of Lyme disease

A

serology is current method, still not ideal (culture has low success, PCR still experimental)

23
Q

treatment of Lyme disease

A

short term antibiotic therapy

24
Q

RMSF is transmitted by _____.

A

dog ticks (Dermacentor ticks)

25
Q

STARI is transmitted by _____.

A

Lone Star Ticks

26
Q

a typical STARI rash

A

bull’s eye, central clearing, outer ring (no evidence of arthritis)

27
Q

RMSF in the East is transmitted by _____.

A

American dog ticks

28
Q

RMSF in the West is transmitted by _____.

A

Rocky Mountain wood ticks

29
Q

Unlike B. burgdorferi, R. rickettsii can transmitted to ticks via?

A

vertical tranmission

30
Q

In comparison to Lyme disease, RMSF has a _____ grace period.

A

shorter (10-24hrs), don’t have to travel from the gut lumen (live in salivary glands already)

31
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

obligate intracellular bacteria that divide in cytoplasm of infected cells, energy parasites

32
Q

how to RR invade neighboring cells?

A

ACTIN ROCKETS! (escape double membranes once inside)

33
Q

pathophysiology of RMSF

A

RR targets vascular endothelial cells, damage results in DIC, loss of blood, shock (also chills, fever, HA)

34
Q

without treatment, case fatality of RMSF is?

A

25%

35
Q

most practical method for diagnosis of RMSF is ______, but the rapid progression of the disease means that it should be diagnosed based on _______.

A

serodiagnosis (IFA and latex agglutination); clinical findings

36
Q

treat RMSF with?

A

tetracycline antibiotics

37
Q

where do ehrlichia replicate?

A

within vacuoles

38
Q

symptoms of HME and HGE include?

A

fever, malaise, myalgia, HA, rash, rigors, etc. (nonspecific)

39
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes ______ in ____-nuclear WBCs.

A

morulla (cytoplasmic inclusions); mononuclear lymphocytes

40
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum invades?

A

neutrophils (PMNs)

41
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is transmitted by ________, the same vector as _______.

A

Lone Star Ticks; STARI (found in SE where deer are definitive hosts)

42
Q

Anaplasma is transmitted by ________, the same vector as _______.

A

black legged ticks; Lyme disease

43
Q

we can determine that an infection is active by noting that antibody titers are _____.

A

rising