Aquistion of skill Flashcards
What are the characteristics of skill?
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
Fluent
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
What does the characteristic ‘Accurate’ of skill mean?
Skill achieves a predetermined goal
What does the characteristic ‘Controlled’ of skill mean?
The performer has control over movement, well co-ordinated movement
What does the characteristic ‘Economical’ of skill mean?
The skill requires minimal outlay of energy
What does the characteristic ‘Fluent’ of skill mean?
The action is smooth and flowing
What does the characteristic ‘Aesthetically pleasing’ of skill mean?
The skill looks good
What does the characteristic ‘Consistant’ of skill mean?
The repeated success, very few mistakes
What does the characteristic ‘Efficient’ of skill mean?
There is no waste of energy and the movement seems effortless
What is the definition of skill?
‘The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both’
What are the 6 different classifications of skills?
Simple and Complex
Open and Closed
Self-paced and Externally-paced
Gross and Fine
Discrete, Serial and Continuous
High and Low
What are the characteristics of an open skill?
- Affected by the environment
- Predominantly perceptual
- Movements must be adapted
- Most are externally paced
What is an example of an open skill?
A tennis serve
What are the characteristics of a closed skill?
- Not affected by the environment
- Predominantly habitual
- Set movements
- Self paced
What is an example of a closed skill?
A javelin throw
What are the characteristics of a gross skill?
- Major body movements involving large muscle groups
- Associated with strength, power and endurance
- Little fine control required
What is an example of a gross skill?
A tennis serve
What are the characteristics of a fine skill?
- Intricate, fine movements using small muscle groups
- Associated with accuracy and precision
- Requires good hand-eye co-ordination
What is an example of a fine skill?
A dart throw
What are the characteristics of a self-paced skill?
- Performer has control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
- Involved pro-action by the performer
What is an example of a self-paced skill?
Tennis serve
What are the characteristics of an externally-paced skill?
- Performer has no control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
- Involved reaction by the performer
What is an example of an externally-paced skill?
A rugby tackle
What are the characteristics of a discrete skill?
- Clear start/end
- Skills can be repeated but the performer starts again
- Single specific skill
What is an example of a discrete skill?
Tennis serve
What are the characteristics of a serial skill?
- Several discrete elements are put together to make integrated movement/sequence
- The order of the elements are important
What is an example of a serial skill?
Triple jump
What are the characteristics of a continuous skill?
- No obvious start/end
- Continues for as long as the performer wishes
- The end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
- No clear sub routines
What is an example of a continuous skill?
Running
What are the characteristics of a high skill?
- Skill is not easily broken down into parts
- The action is very quick and the subroutines merge quickly as the skill is performed
- Best practiced as a whole
What is an example of a high skill?
A kick in football
What are the characteristics of a low skill?
- Sub-routines tend to be discrete
- Best practised separately and then integrated into the whole skill
- Can be learnt/practiced using part method
What is an example of a low skill?
A swimming stroke
What are the characteristics of a simple skill?
- Small amounts of info to be processed
- Few decisions to be made
What is an example of a simple skill?
A forward roll
What are the characteristics of a complex skill?
- Large amount of info to be processed
- A number of decisions to be made quickly
- A high number of sub-routines that need to be performed quickly and accurately
- Feedback is available
What is an example of a complex skill?
Rugby tackle
What are the 4 transfers of learning?
Positive
Negative
Zero
Bilateral
What is a transfer?
The influence of one skill on the performance of another
How does positive transfer impact skill development?
It occurs when learning in one task is enhanced by the learning in another task
What is an example of a positive transfer?
Learning a golf stroke - enhanced by virtue of the fact that the player is a good cricketer
How does negative transfer impact skill development?
It occurs when the learning of a new task is interfered with by the knowledge of another activity
What is an example of negative transfer?
The flexible use of the wrist needed for badminton may interfere with the firm wrist needed for tennis
How does zero transfer impact skill development?
No transfer at all may occur even between skills which appear to be similar
What is an example of zero transfer?
Learning at squash may have zero transfer from weight training
How does bilateral transfer impact skill development?
It takes place from one side to another and is sometimes called lateralisation
What is an example of bilateral transfer?
A footballer learning to pass with their left foot when they have previously learned this skill with their right foot
What are cognitive skills and what’s an example?
Skills that require the use of a person’s mental powers
Example: putting topspin on a tennis ball
What are motor skills and what’s an example?
Skills that involve physical movements and muscular control linked to a specific objective
Example: a golf swing
What are perceptual skills?
Where you interpret and make sense of the information coming in via senses
What are psycho-motor skills and what’s an example?
The co-ordination and smooth execution and movements and responses
Example: catching a pass in netball
