AQA Biology Essays - Past Papers Flashcards
The importance of movement in biological molecules and cells
- Synaptic transmission
- Nerve impulse
- Glucose control/homeostasis
- Transcription, translation
- Regulation of transcription and translation
- Translocation, movement of blood
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Cell division - Mitosis, meiosis
- Immunity
How DNA is used by living organisms and it’s importance?
- In vivo
- In vitro
- Genetic screening
- Genetic fingerprint printing
- Transcription
- Translation
- DNA replication
- Properties of DNA
- Inheritance
- Natural Selection
- Speciation
- Cell division - Miotosis and Meiosis
How variation is achieved and presented in biological systems?
- Meiosis = independent segregation, crossing over, the random fusion of gametes.
- Mutations = subsitution, deletion, transformation
- Speciation
- Natural selection
- Disruptive, stabilising, directional selection
- Regulation of transcription and translation
- Epistasis
- haemoglobin
How diffusion is used in living organisms?
- Synaptic transmission
- Action potential
- Photosynthesis, respiration
- Mass transport - phloem tissue fluid haemoglobin
- Animal exchange - Humans, Fish, Insects
- gene expression - transcriptional factors - oestrogen, siRNA
The importance of polymers?
- Proteins- Haemoglobin, Antibodies
- Enzymes - Recombinant DNA technology - (Reverse transcriptase, DNA ligase , DNA polymerase, Restriction endonucleases)
- Lipids - Phospholipids- Cell surface membrane
- Tryglicerides
- Carbohydrates
Write an essay about cycles in biology:
- Synaptic transmission - (cycling of neurotransmitter)
- Action Potential
- Muscle Contraction
- Homeostasis- Glucose and water Regulation
- Nutrient Cycles- Nitrogen, Phosphorus
- Mitosis, Meiosis
- DNA replication
- Cardiac Cycle
- Mechanism of Breathing
- Light Independent reaction
K- rebs Cycle
How energy is transferred within and between organisms?
- Photosynthesis/ Respiration- Energy form the electron transport chain
- Muscle contraction
- Stimuli and response/ Nerve impulses
- Energy transfer through ecosystems
- Mass transport
The importance of movement of biological molecules within living organisms.
- DNA replication
- Transcription, Translation
- Transcriptional factors
- Synaptic transmission
- Muscle Contraction
- Action Potentials
- Homeostasis
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Digestion
- Mass transport - Human and Plant (Translocation)
- Immunity
How do molecules move within and between an ecosystem?
- Cycles
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Eutrophication
- ATP
- Food chains
- DNA
The movement of carbon-containing substances within and between organisms?
- Respiration
- Photosynthesis
- Digestion
- Saprophytes
- Food Chains and feeding relationships
- Carbon Cycle ( No longer on the specification)
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms?
- Immunity - Antigen-antibody complex, Receptors
- DNA
- Transcription, Translation
- Muscle contraction
- Synaptic transmission
- Proteins- Generic Induced fit model theory- Haemoglobin
- Enzymes- DNA technology, Respiration
- Homeostasis
How bacteria affects the lives of living organisms?
- Nutrient cycles- Importance for plant growth
- DNA technology- Bacterial enzymes and the use of bacteria as a host cell.
- Immunity - Pathogens- illness, passive immunity
- Eutrophication
Carbon dioxide may affect organisms directly or indirectly. Describe and explain these effects.
- Photosynthesis - Limiting factor
- Heart rate- Chemoreceptors
- Haemoglobin (affinity for O2)
- Role of co2 in global warming- the effect of temperature on enzymes.
The use of ions in living organisms
- Synaptic transmission
-Muscle contraction
-Nervous Impulse
-Receptors
-Nitrogen cycle
-Control of heart rate - Chemoreceptors
-Haemoglobin - Bohr effect - Respiration and Photosynthesis
The importance of responces to changes in the internal and external environment of an organism
- Homeostasis- Glucose control
- Control of heart rate - Baro and chemoreceptors
- Haemoglobin- Changes affinity for oxygen - Bohr effect
- Nervous impulses
- Immune responses
- Receptors - E.g Pacinian corpuscle
- Speciation
The membranes of different types of cells are involved in many different functions.
- Synaptic transmission
- Nerves
- Receptors
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Glucose Absorption
- Glucose - Insulin, glucagon
- Translocation
- Kidney
Using DNA in science and technology
…
How nucleotides, molecules derived from nucleotides and nucleic acids are important in keeping organisms alive.
…
The importance of nitrogen-containing substances.
- Nitrogen cycle
- Proteins- Antibodies, Hemoglobin
- Action potentials/ synapses- protein channels
- DNA- Technology
- Protein synthesis
- Natural selection
- ATP- Muscles, Active transport
The different ways organisms use ATP or ATP and it’s roles in living organisms
- The structure of ATP it’s charactoristics and usefulness
- Muscle contraction
- Photosythesis
- Respiration
- Transloation ( loading of phloem)
- Nerves ( Resting Potential)
- Synapses re-sythesis of acetylcholine
- Selective reabsorbtion by the nephron
- Glucose absorption
Transport mechanisms in living organisms
- Gas exchange
- Translocation
- Translation
- Muscle - sliding filament mechanism, movement of ca+ and impulse.
- Tissue Fluid
- Active Transport- Glucose absorption, selective r-reabsorption in the kidneys, nerves
- Cell division- movement of chromosomes.
- Binary fission movement of plasmids ect.
The importance of enzymes and there role in living organisms
- Structure/Induced fit/competitive/ non competitive
- Digestion- Carbohydrate, Lipid.
- DNA replication
- Transcription
- DNA technology- Restriction endonucleases/RNA - Polymerase/DNA Ligase/Reverse Transcriptase.
- Homeostasis- Second messenger model( Glucagon)/ (Insulin) enzyme involved in Glycogenesis
The role of feedback mechanism in biological processes
- Homeostasis- Glucose control. (-ve)
- Osmoregulation (-ve)
- Heart Rate- Barro and chemoreceptors. (-ve)
- Immunity (+’ve)
- Nerves (+’ve)
- Predator prey relationships/ interspecific competition/ intraspecific competition. (-ve)
- Selection- Directional (+’ve)
- Stabilising (-Ve)
The ways in which water and water regulation are important to organisms
- The properties of water- Pick two
e.g. latent heat vaporization, colourless at high transmission - Hydrolysis - Muscle , Digestion
- Tissue fluid
- Translocation
- Respiration -
- Photosynthesis - photolysis of water/hydrolysis of ATP
The importance of proteins in living organisms
- Antibodies
- Haemoglobin
- DNA replication
- Protein Sythesis
- Digestion
- Nerves
- Synapses
- Hormones- Glusose and water regualtion
The importance of molecular shape in living organisms
- Transcriptional factors - Oestrogen, siRNA
- Immunity, Humoral, cell-mediated, phagocytosis
- DNA replication, transcription, translation
- Genetic technology- Probes ( screening and fingerprinting), producing recombinant DNA - enzyme-substrate complexes, sticky ends
- Proteins - Haemoglobin, Carrier proteins.
- Nerve impulses / synaptic transmission
- Muscle contraction
The causes of variation and it’s biological importance
- Causes- Mutations ( describe two)
- Meoisis - independent segregation , crossing over
- Epigenetics
- Epistasis, autosomal linkage
- Importance
- Natural selection
- Speciation
Energy transfers which take place inside living organisms
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Translocation
- Muscle contraction
- Nerves
How microscopes have contributed to our understanding of living organisms
- Structure of a microscope - calibration
- SEM v TEM
- Chloroplasts structure, Photosynthesis - track fluorescence
- Muscles structure, sliding filament mechanism
- Cell division- Mitosis , Meiosis
The transfer of substances containing carbon substances between organisms and between organisms and there environment.
- Photosynthesis- Light independent stage ( Calvin cycle)
- Gas exchange
- Food chains and feeding relationships
- Respiration - Link and Krebs cycle
- Digestion
- Saprophytes
The role and importance of movement inside cells
- DNA replication
- Transcription
- Translation
- Lipid absorbtion
- Transcriptional factors - siRNA and oestrogen.
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Neurones
- Muscles
DNA and the transfer of information
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Transcription
- Translation
- DNA technology
- Natural selection
- Speciation
- Inheritance
How variation is presented and achieved in biological systems.
Achieved :
- Mutations
- Epigenetics
- Meiosis
- Inheritance
- Regualtion of transcription and translation
Presented:
- Haemoglobin/ proteins/ carbohydrates
