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APUSH UNIT 8 Flashcards

1
Q

GI Bill of Rights

A

provides benefits to veterans, including educational assistance, job training, and loan guarantees for homes and businesses, to help them transition back to civilian life

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2
Q

Baby Boom

A

increase in birth rates that occurred in the United States and other countries following World War II

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3
Q

Suburban growth

A

driven by factors like the baby boom, increased car ownership, and government policies that favored suburban development

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4
Q

Levittown

A

several large suburban housing developments created in the United States by William J. Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons

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5
Q

Council of Economic Advisers

A

that advises the president on economic policy, providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions

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6
Q

Committee on Civil Rights

A

Truman in 1946 through Executive Order 9808, aimed to strengthen and protect the civil rights of Americans by conducting inquiries, examining laws, and making policy recommendations

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7
Q

Taft-Harley Act

A

US federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions, including outlawing closed shops, limiting certain types of strikes and boycotts, and requiring unions to bargain in good faith

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8
Q

United Nations, Security Council

A

primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security

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9
Q

World Bank

A

provides loans and grants to developing countries to reduce poverty and support economic development

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10
Q

Communist Satellites

A

nations in Eastern Europe and elsewhere that, after World War II, were brought under Soviet influence and established communist governments, often with the help of the Red Army, and were viewed as being in the Soviet sphere of influence

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11
Q

Iron Curtain

A

referring to the symbolic and later physical division between Western Europe and the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe, characterized by political, military, and ideological barriers

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12
Q

George Kennan

A

formulated the policy of “containment,” the basic United States strategy for fighting the cold war

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13
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

was a commitment to contain the spread of communism by providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by Soviet influence, particularly Greece and Turkey

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14
Q

Marshall Plan

A

provided substantial economic aid to Western European nations after World War II to help them rebuild and prevent the spread of communism

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15
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

a Cold War-era operation where the United States and the United Kingdom airlifted supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union blockaded the city’s land access

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16
Q

East/West Germany

A

East Germany being a communist state under Soviet influence, and West Germany being a democratic, capitalist state under Western influence

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17
Q

NATO, Warsaw Pact

A

opposing military alliances formed during the Cold War, with NATO representing the Western bloc and the Warsaw Pact representing the Eastern bloc, (primarily composed of the Soviet Union and its allies)

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18
Q

Nuclear Arms Race

A

the United States and the Soviet Union (and later other countries) competed to develop and stockpile increasingly powerful nuclear weapons

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19
Q

Douglas MacArthur

A

highly decorated American general, best known for his command of Allied forces in the Pacific Theater during World War II and his subsequent role in the Korean War

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20
Q

Chinese Civil War

A

Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Communist Party, ultimately resulting in the Communist victory and the establishment of the People’s Republic of China

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21
Q

Mao Zedong

A

was a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and political theorist who founded the People’s Republic of China

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22
Q

Korean War

A

a conflict (1950-1953) between North Korea (backed by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (backed by the United Nations, primarily the United States), sparked by North Korea’s invasion of South Korea

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23
Q

Kim ll-Sung

A

the communist leader and founder of North Korea

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24
Q

38th parallel

A

the line of latitude 38 degrees north of the equator, which roughly marks the border between North and South Korea, established as a military boundary after World War II

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25
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take any necessary measures to defend U.S. forces in Southeast Asia, effectively giving him broad authority to escalate the Vietnam War without a formal declaration of war
26
Tet Offensive
a series of surprise attacks by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces against South Vietnamese and U.S. positions during the Vietnamese Lunar New Year (Tet) holiday in 1968
27
Vietnamization
the act or process of transferring war responsibilities from U.S. to Vietnamese hands during the Vietnam War
28
Homogeneity
the state of being similar or uniform, lacking diversity or variation
29
Television
Was the new radio almost every American had atleast one in the household
30
Rock and Roll
a fusion of rhythm and blues, country, and gospel music, characterized by a strong, often amplified, beat and youth-oriented lyrics
31
Consumer Culture
society where the buying and owning of goods and services becomes a central focus, influencing lifestyles, values, and social status
32
Credit Cards
Came out expanded buying on margin
33
Conglomerates
one company owns a controlling stake in several smaller companies, conducting business separately and independently
34
Beatniks
members of a social movement in the mid-20th century, who subscribed to an anti-materialistic lifestyle.
35
NAACP
t fights for racial equality and justice through legal action, advocacy, and community organizing
36
Brown v. Board of Education
the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional
37
Thurgood Marshall
civil rights lawyer
38
Earl Warren
the Warren court and 14th chief justice of the US
39
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
40
James Meredith
famously known for being the first African American student to attend the University of Mississippi in 1962, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement
41
Selma to Montgomery March
series of three marches that took place in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. These marches were organized to protest the blocking of Black Americans' right to vote by the systematic racist structure of the Jim Crow South
42
SNCC
coordinate nonviolent protests against racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the southern United States, playing a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement
43
Congress of Racial Equality
interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects
44
Black Panthers
the era's most influential militant black power organization. Its members confronted politicians, challenged the police, and protected black citizens from brutality
45
Watts Riot
series of violent confrontations between Los Angeles police and residents of Watts and other predominantly African American neighbourhoods of South-Central Los Angeles
46
Atoms for peace
opened up nuclear research to civilians and countries that had not previously possessed nuclear technology
47
Open-skies
flights over each other's territory, aimed at fostering transparency and trust between the United States and the Soviet Union. (eisenhower)
48
Nikita Khrushchev
was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964
49
Hungarian Revolt
was a nationwide revolt against the Soviet-imposed policies of the Hungarian People's Republic, seeking freedom from communist rule
50
Sputnik
the first satellite to be placed in orbit
51
U-2 incident
an American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet air space
52
Bay of Pigs
was a failed 1961 military operation, orchestrated by the CIA and Cuban exiles, aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro's government in Cuba
53
Cuban Missile crisis
where the Soviets secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, leading to a near-nuclear war before an agreement was reached to remove them
54
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space
55
SALT treaties
negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at limiting their strategic nuclear forces
56
Detente
refers to the easing of strained relations, especially between nations, through dialogue and a move towards cooperation
57
Great Society
aimed at ending poverty and racial injustice, while also promoting economic opportunity and education (growth of ideas from the new deal)
58
War on poverty
programs initiated by Johnson to combat poverty and promote economic opportunity, addressing issues like lack of education, healthcare, and job training
59
The other America
poverty in the affluent society of the United States
60
Barry Goldwater
was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964
61
Medicare
federal health insurance for anyone age 65 and older, and some people under 65 with certain disabilities or conditions
62
Medicaid
a health coverage assistance program for children, adults, pregnant women, people with disabilities, and seniors who qualify due to low income or other criteria
63
Immigration Act 1965
abolished quotas, opening the doors to "those who can contribute most to this country – to its growth, to its strength, to its spirit."
64
Ralph Nader
an American lawyer and political activist involved in consumer protection, environmentalism, and government reform causes. He is a perennial presidential candidate.
65
Cultural pluralism
a condition in which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain their cultural differences
66
Cesar Chavez
Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist who, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers) to fight for better conditions and rights for migrant farmworkers.
67
American Indian Movement 1975
first sought to improve conditions for Native Americans who had recently moved to cities
68
Gay liberation movement
urged lesbians and gay men to engage in radical direct action, and to counter societal shame with gay pride
69
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
synthetic pesticides are a harm to the natural environment and cause cancer in humans. Carson uses her arguments to propose regulation, study, and alternatives to these pesticides
70
Exxon Valdez Oil spill
an oil tanker called the Exxon Valdez hit a reef off the coast of Alaska and dumped millions of gallons of oil into the ocean. It was one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in U.S. history
71
Three mile Island
a partial nuclear meltdown of the Unit 2 reactor (TMI-2) of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
72
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
protects people and the environment from significant health risks, sponsors and conducts research, and develops and enforces environmental regulations
73
Endangered Species Act 1973
provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found
73
Clean Water Act 1972
establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters
74
Clean Air Act 1970
seeks to protect human health and the environment from emissions that pollute ambient, or outdoor, air
75
New Federalism
a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states
76
OPEC oil embargo
In an attempt to pressure Western countries to force Israel to withdraw from seized lands, announced sharp production cuts and then banned the sale of oil to the United States and the Netherlands
77
Roe v Wade
The landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling recognizing the right to abortion (constitutional right of privacy)
78
Off the gold standard
fiat money, a term to describe currency that is used because of a government's order, or fiat, that the currency must be accepted as a means of payment
79
Stagflation
an economy characterized by high inflation, low economic growth and high unemployment
80
US vs Nixon
Court unanimously ordered President Richard Nixon to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials related to the Watergate scandal to a federal district court
81
war powers resolution 1973
establishes presidential reporting requirements and parliamentary procedures intended to reaffirm the constitutional role of Congress in committing the United States into armed conflict abroad
82
Fall of Saigon
the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese Army, effectively ending the Vietnam War
83
Panama Canal Treaty 1978
provided for joint U.S.-Panama control of the canal until December 31, 1999, when Panama would take full control
83
Camp David Accords 1978
established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt
84
Iran Hostage crisis
a 444-day standoff where 52 American citizens were held hostage after Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran fueled by anti-American sentiment and the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution
85
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 over fear that the growing Muslim population in Soviet Central Asia threatened the Soviet control. The occupation lasted ten years, and the Soviet Union received a devastating defeat

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