APUSH UNIT 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A
profitable line. Vanderbilt took control of the Hudson River Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
2
Q
Transcontinental Railroads
A
transport western food crops & raw materials to East Coast markets & manufactured goods from East Coast cities to the West Coast international trade
3
Q
Union and Central Pacific
A
construction of a railroad & telegraph line from the MR to the PO and secured the use of that line to the government 2 companies legislation authoriz
4
Q
Speculation and Overbuilding
A
Railroad companies over build, suffered from mismanagement, and engaged in fraud
5
Q
Rebates
A
Discounts
6
Q
Pools
A
Formed by competing companies to fix rates & share traffic
7
Q
Bankruptcy and Railroads
A
J.P. Morgan with no competion he could stabilize rates & reduce debts
8
Q
Panic of 1893
A
A financial panic sent 25% of all railroads into bankrupcty
9
Q
Federal Land Grants & Loans
A
provided significant subsidies to railroad companies, including granting large amounts of land to build railroads
10
Q
Interstate Commerce Act
A
Congress could apply the Commerce Clause more expansively to national issues if they involved commerce across state lines
11
Q
Commerce Clause
A
gives Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing interstate commerce
12
Q
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
A
first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices
13
Q
Hard money vs Soft Money
A
Arguing wether the gov’t should be invovled in the economy (famers/working class vs monopoly companies)
14
Q
1890s tariff policy
A
increased the taxes on most imported goods while eliminating taxes on luxury items intent was to protect American industries from foreign competition
15
Q
Government regulation
A
gov’t that promotes economic growth and regulate business but with a limited involvement in addressing social & economic issues & a hands-off approach
16
Q
Republican Dominance
A
supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies (hurt working class)
17
Q
Silver Purchase Act
A
diminishing gold reserves, which led to economic panic
18
Q
Buffalo Herds
A
As more people settled the more the buffalo pop. diminished meaning the more the Native pop. diminished
19
Q
Mineral Resources
A
Silver and gold
20
Q
Minning Frontier; boomtowns
A
Where mineral resources would be great towns would burst in pop.
21
Q
Chinease Exclusion Act
A
It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
22
Q
Cattle drives
A
The movement of the cattle from one location to another
23
Q
Barbed wire
A
to restrict the movement of cattle and other animals
24
Q
Homestead Act
A
granting adult heads of families 160 acres of surveyed public land for a minimal filing fee and five years of continuous residence on that land (west)
25
Dry Farming
to conserve limited moisture during dry weather by reducing or even eliminating runoff and evaporation
26
Fredrick Jackson Turner; Frontier Thesis
The frontier was an evolutionary process of building a civilization
27
Census of 1890
announced that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed
28
Steel, lumber, tobacco
promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth
29
Intergrated Rail Network
connects entire regions
30
Agriculture's dominance
Cotton, started to see a lower demand
31
Sharecropping; tenant farming
Rented the land/paid for the use of land with a share of their crop
32
George Washington Carver
promoted diviersifying with peanuts, sweet potatoes, & soy beans (african american scientist)
33
Booker T. Washing; Tuskegee Institute
Established the Tuskgee institute as a industrial & agricultural school for black Americans
34
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Supreme Court of the US held that the 13 and 14 Amendments did not empower Congress to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals
35
Plessy v. Ferguson
racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality
36
Jim Crow laws
mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in 1870s
37
Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses
barriers of voting expecially on black americans without going against the 15th amendment, limit their voice
38
White primaries, white juries
primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate
39
Lynch Mobs
violent public acts that white people used to terrorize and control Black people
40
Ida B. Wells
Created the memphis free speech & campaign against lynching/ Jim Crow Laws
41
Andrew Carnegie; U.S Steel
A scotich immigrant that worked his way up from poverty to become the superintendent of a pennsylvannia railroad
42
Vertical Integration
Control every stage of production
43
Horizontal Integration
Quickly elminate all competitors to take control of the nations ex: oil refiners
44
John D Rockefeller; Standard Oil Trust
John founded this and he used horizontal integration
45
J.P. Morgan
American financier and investment banker
46
Causes of labor discontent
capitalism and the industrial revolution
47
Iron low of wages
Raising wages would only increase the working pop. which in turn cause wages to fal, leads to a cycle of misery & starvation
48
Anti-Union tactics
lockouts, blacklist, yellow dog contract, private guards & state militia, & court injunction
49
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Strick on Baltimore & Ohio railroad across 11 states, shut down lines
50
Knights of Labor; Haymarket bombing
Began in 1869 as a secret society under Terrance V. Powderly went public & opened memebership to all workers
51
American Federation of Labor; Samuel Gompers
Focused on higher wages & better working conditions. Would not achieve full sucess until the early 20th century like others
52
Pullman Strike
George Pullman announced a wage cut & fired memebrs of the workers delegation that would baragin with him.
53
Eugene V. Debs
American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World
54
Federal treaty policies
Dawes Act and Assimilation: This law split up reservations so that land was owned by individuals rather than communally by the tribes
55
Causes of Indian Wars
NA resistance to the imposition of the reservation system & repeated attempts of US Army/white settlers to forcibly remove NA from their tribal lands
56
Little Big Horn
Forced tribes to comply with US terms even if gov't was in violation
57
Assimilationists
a person who favours and promotes the incorporation and mixing of different groups in society
58
Helen Hunt Jackson
American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the United States government
59
Dawes Act of 1887
authorized the President to break up reservation land was held in common by the members of a tribe into small allotments to be sold out to individuals
60
Ghost Dance Movement
a NA religion,its principal ideas were the spirits of the dead would be raised, the buffalo would return, and European settlers would be driven away
61
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
granted a new degree of autonomy to NA in the US, giving them greater control over their lands, allowing them to form legally recognized tribal gov't
62
Crop Price Deflation
Prices of crops deflated due to easier access to these crops
63
National Grange Movement
social organization in the US that encourages families to band together to promote the economic/political well-being of the community and agriculture
64
Railroads and Middlemen
someone who works buying goods from one source and selling them to another
65
Cooperatives
an enterprise or organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services
66
Munn v. Illinois
a US Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the power of state governments to regulate private industries that affect "the common good."
67
Wabash v. Illinois
a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control or impede interstate commerce
68
Interstate Commerce Commission
the first agency that regulated railroad transportation between states
69
Populism; William Jennings Bryan
an American lawyer, orator, and politician. He was a dominant force in the Dem. Party, running 3x as the party's nominee for President of the US
70
Realism
the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life
71
Mark Twain
American humorist, novelist, and travel writer. widely considered one of the greatest American writers of all time
72
Jack London
was an American novelist, journalist and activist, depict elemental struggles for survival
73
Impressionism
tried to get down on canvas an “impression” of how a landscape, thing, or person appeared to them at a certain moment in time
74
Ashcan School
an artistic movement in the US that produced works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods.
75
Abstract Art
art that doesn't attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual reality instead uses shapes colors forms & gestural marks to achieve its effect
76
Growth of leisure time
The growing middle class had more money and time to spend on activities outside of work and society made it more acceptable
77
Vaudeville
a form of live entertainment that began, comedians, magicians, and musicians who traveled all over the country to participate in theater variety shows
78
Spectator Sports
Baseball, football, basketball
79
Second Industrial Revolution
the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardisation, mass production and industrialisation
80
Bessemer Process
the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace
81
Transatlantic Cable
undersea cables running under the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communications
82
Alexander Graham Bell; telephone
a device that allowed multiple messages to be transmitted over a wire at the same time
83
Thomas Edison; Menlo Park research lab
Worlds 1st research labratory
84
Puritan Ethic
refers to the view that hard work is a signifier of one's election (salvation) and that diligence in one's work is pleasing to God
85
Adam Smith; laissez-faire capitalism
no taxes, regulations, or tariffs. Instead, the market should be completely free to be led by the natural laws of supply and demand
86
Concentration of wealth
big monopolys, railroads, oil, steel, etc
87
Social Darwinism; Herbert Spencer
held that certain human beings would become more powerful than others because of their race or group
88
Survival of the fittest
suggested that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing
89
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good
90
Horatio Alger rags to riches stories
helped Americans believe the myth that anyone could work hard and become a rich, "self-made man."
91
Self-made man
a person whose success is of their own making
92
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land
93
National Parks; Yellowstone, Yosemite
images of the beautiful west perusaded congress to preserve iconic lands such as yosmite as a CA state park & yellowstone 1st National park
94
Department of the Interior
manages public lands and minerals, national parks, and wildlife refuges and upholds Federal trust responsibilities to Indian tribes
95
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
authorizing the President to designate public lands in the West into what were then called “forest reserves.”
96
Forest Management Act of 1897
Withdrew federal timberlands from development & regulated their use
97
John Muir; Sierra Club
an organization devoted to protecting the environment
98
Old immigrants
came from Northern/Western European (protestant), high literacy levels, moved to northeast & midwest of the US
99
New immigrants
came from southern&eastern europe (diverse religon), illiterate, located to ethnic neighborhoods in NY, chicago, etc
100
Statue of liberty
a universal symbol of freedom
101
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Banned all immigration from China until 1965
102
American Protective Association
an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by Protestants
103
Ellis Island
the busiest immigrant inspection and processing station in the United States
104
Melting pot vs. cultural diversity
A melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous different elements melting together with common culture
105
Causes of migration
reputation for politcal/religous liberty, economic opp in the west/cities, new tecg made immigration easier, gold rush
106
Steel-framed buildings
built buildings up instead of out
107
Tenements; poverty
lack of affordable housing for newcomers who had limited financial resources. (faced by immigrants)
108
Ethnic neighborhoods
specific ethnic group resides, often characterized by shared cultural practices, languages, and social connections
109
Politcal machines
helped immigrants for their own political gain
110
Political boss
gave orders to the rank &fuke, & doled out gov't jobs to loyal supporters
111
Tammany Hall
Started as a social club, then developed in a machine that coordinated the needs of business, immigrants, etc in return for votes
112
Settlement Houses
young women reformers to relieve the effects of poverty, provided social services for neighborhood people
113
Social Gospel
the religious wing of the progressive movement which had the aim of combating injustice, suffering and poverty in society
114
Salvation Army
Its mission is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and to meet human needs in His name without discrimination, an international movement
115
Frank Lloyd Wright
architect and writer, an abundantly creative master of American architecture, became the basis of 20th-century residential design in the United States
116
Louis Sullivan
American architect, regarded as the spiritual father of modern American architecture and identified with the aesthetics of early skyscraper design.
