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Zoology Semester 2 > APS136 3 > Flashcards

APS136 3 Flashcards

1
Q

An adaptation is..

A

a trait that increases the fitness of an organism in its environment (increases chance of survival)

  • trait is selected for
  • genetically determined, therefore heritable
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2
Q

Camels can go without water for … … and without food for … …

A

2 weeks,

2 months

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3
Q

Acclimation is…

A

a physiological compensatory response to environmental change (experimental) - a short-term response to the environment

  • not heritable
  • may be immediate or build up over time
  • experimental
  • e.g. yoga in unnaturally hot room or moving fish into new water
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4
Q

Acclimatisation is..

A

a physiological compensatory response to environmental change (natural) - a short-term response to the environment

  • not heritable
  • may be immediate or build up over time
  • natural
  • e.g. acclimatising to naturally hot outside conditions (rather than unnatural lecture theatre conditions)
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5
Q

Plasticity is…

A

the ability of living organisms to change their ‘state’ in response to any stimuli

  • occurs at any level of complexity: molecular, cellular, systemic and behavioural
  • limited
  • e.g. rockhopper penguins
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6
Q

At high altitudes there is low … … and low … …

A

barometric pressure

atmospheric oxygen

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7
Q

The concentration of oxygen at 4000m is about … lower than at sea level

A

40%

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8
Q

Each haemoglobin molecule has … oxygen binding sites

A

4

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9
Q

Normal oxygen saturation is between…

A

96-100%

  • oxygen saturation is the % of haemoglobin binding sites that carry oxygen
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10
Q

At low partial pressures of oxygen, e.g. in the body tissues, Hb has … …, so oxygen is …

A

low affinity,

released

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11
Q

At high partial pressures of oxygen, e.g. in the lungs, Hb has … …, so oxygen … ….

A

high affinity,

binds readily

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12
Q

At high altitudes (with low oxygen saturation), you can suffer from … and the oxygen transport system must respond to…

A

hypoxia,

maintain sufficient tissue oxygen concentration

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13
Q

The Andeans in Bolivia have been living at high altitudes of 4000m for…

A

13,000 years

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14
Q

A population of Tibetans have been living at altitudes of 4000m for…

A

25,000 years

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15
Q

High-altitude erythrocytosis is…

A

increased red blood cell production at high altitudes

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16
Q

Andeans had … Hb concentrations than their closest living ancestors at low altitudes, showing that they were…

A

higher,

physiologically stressed

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17
Q

There is … … … in Hb between Tibetans living at high altitude and their closest ancestors living at low altitudes

A

no significant difference

  • must be compensating in a different way
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18
Q

The … had higher oxygen saturation than the …, suggesting they were…

A

Andeans, Tibetans,

less stressed by hypoxia at the same altitude

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19
Q

The altitude study show…

A

elevation in haemoglobin is not a universal response to high altitude hypoxia
- the Tibetans respond instead by having a higher respiration rate and higher nitric oxide which increases vasodilation

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20
Q

What is the downside to higher erythrocytosis?

A

Higher Hb leads to more viscous blood, which can put strain on the heart
- a trade-off as it is better for dealing with hypoxia but puts heart at risk

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21
Q

The altitude at response was much lower (1600m compared to ~4000m) for the …

A

Andeans

- Tibetans required much stronger stimulus

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22
Q

Homeostasis is…

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability whilst adjusting to variable environmental conditions
- dynamic equilibrium

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23
Q

Internal environment is … not …

A

stable, static

- continuous change occurs but relatively uniform conditions prevail

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24
Q

Why maintain a steady state?

A

External environments vary - some external conditions would be lethal to individual cells

  • internal processes require certain conditions
  • enzymes are often heat-activated
  • chemical reaction rates are often temperature dependent
  • proteins may denature at very high temperatures
  • maintaining concentration gradients
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25
Q

Stimulus –>

A

receptor –> control centre –> effector

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26
Q

The receptor…

A

monitors the internal environment

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27
Q

The control centre…

A

sends a message to the effector (via the nervous or endocrine system) when a parameter exits its normal range

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28
Q

The effector…

A

re-establishes the internal environment to the set point

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29
Q

Feedback…

A

returns the output to the input part of the system

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30
Q

In birth, the hormone … stimulates contractions, the contractions themselves stimulate … production, and this is an example of … …

A

oxytocin, oxytocin, positive feedback

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31
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms are … so are … if not necessary, e.g….

A

costly, lost,

naked mole rat has lost fur as no need to regulate temperature in stable underground environments

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32
Q

At night, hummingbirds can enter a state of…

A

torpor - conserve energy as temperature falls to 18-20C (normal 38-40C)
- so can pygmy possums

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33
Q

Pygmy possum body temperature in torpor seemed to…

A

map onto the ambient temperature as it was changed

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34
Q

Black bears hibernate for …, and their heart rate is … and more …

A

5-7 months, slower, irregular

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35
Q

Why use performance enhancing drugs (doping)?

A
  • build muscle mass and strength
  • increase O2 delivery to exercising tissue
  • Mask pain/injury
  • decrease weight
  • hide use of other drugs
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36
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is naturally produced in the body in response to… and causes the bone marrow to..

A

a reduction in blood oxygen concentration,

release lots of red blood cells with Hb to bring up oxygen saturation

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37
Q

Natural stimuli for erythropoiesis include…

A
  • low atmospheric O2
  • exercise
  • haemorrhaging
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38
Q

Doping using erythropoietin can increase O2 supply by … but side-effects include…

A

7-10%,

  • Blood thickens
  • Heart has to work harder
  • increased risk of heart attack/stroke
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39
Q

Meldonium is used to treat

A

coronary heart disease as it increases blood flow and therefore flow of oxygen

  • banned in 2016
  • curling dude and maria sharapova
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40
Q

How much do lil rotifers weigh?

A

0.01 micrograms

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41
Q

How much do phatass blue whales weigh?

A

100,000 kg

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42
Q

Larger animals experience greater…

A

gravitational forces

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43
Q

Larger animals have a smaller…

A

surface area to volume ratio

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44
Q

Larger animals tend to:

A
  • move more slowly
  • Have slower digestion rates
  • Have slower respiration rates
  • Lose heat to the environment less quickly
  • Lose water to the environment less quickly
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45
Q

Allometry is..

A

the study of differential growth

- how body parts or physiological processes scale with body size

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46
Q

Static allometry is when…

A

body proportions differ between individuals of the same age and sex within a species

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47
Q

Isometric scaling is when…

A

body proportions stay the same with development (e.g. frogs)

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48
Q

Ontogenetic allometry is when…

A

body proportions change with development (e.g. humans)

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49
Q

Evolutionary allometry is between…

A

individuals of different species

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50
Q

When describing allometric relationships, y =

A

ax^b

y = size of body part
x = measure of whole body size
a = an initial growth index. Size of y when x=1
b = scaling exponent. Proportional change in y per unit x
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51
Q

If b = 0, size of variable body part is…

A

unrelated to whole body size - remains exactly the same (not talking about proportion here buddy)

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52
Q

If b = 1, the variable body part scales…

A

at the same rate as the whole body size (isometric scaling)

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53
Q

if b < 1, the variable body part increases…

A

slowly relative to body size (negative allometry)

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54
Q

If b > 1, the variable body part increases…

A

at a faster rate than the whole body size (positive allometry)

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55
Q

Using a log-log scale…

A

linearises the relationship

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56
Q

For allometric graphs, the units on both axes must…

A

be the same

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57
Q

Skeletons become…

A

more robust and larger relative to overall body size as body size increases

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58
Q

Isometric doubling of length will increases surface area … and volume (thus …) …

A

fourfold, mass, eightfold

  • organism has 8x mass to support but area to support weight increases 4x
  • organism has 8x metabolically active tissue to support, but respiratory surface areas only increase 4x
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59
Q

Similarly sized endotherms will always have higher … than their ectotherm counterparts

A

BMRs
(base metabolic rate)
- and unicellular lower than ectotherms

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60
Q

Marine mammals have higher BMRs than … …, which have higher BMRs than …

A

terrestrial mammals,

marsupials

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61
Q

Metabolic Rate (MR) =

A

Body weight (W)^0.75

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62
Q

Mass specific MR =

A

MR/W

therefore
Mass specific MR = W^0.75/W^1 = W^0.75-1 = W^-0.25

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63
Q

Due to the higher SA:V ration, relative to the white rhino the meadow vole has…

A
  • higher heart rate
  • higher respiration rate
  • higher food intake per gram body weight
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64
Q

If body temperature is too low…

A
  • metabolism slows down
  • oxygen supply is inadequate
  • cells can freeze (membranes rupture, breakdown of tissue)
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65
Q

If body temperature is too high…

A
  • proteins denature
  • oxygen supply in inadequate
  • Membrane structure is altered
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66
Q

Heat moves from…

A

hot areas to cold areas

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67
Q

What is the mammal optimum temperature range?
Lizards?
Insects - some species of butterfly?

A

36-38C
32-40C
28-39C

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68
Q

Radiation is the transfer of heat, without …, by … …

A

contact, electromagnetic waves

- accounts for 60% of heat transfer

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69
Q

Conduction is the transfer of heat with…

A

contact

- accounts for 3% of heat loss

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70
Q

Convection is the movement of….

A

air/fluid across the body surface

- accounts for 15% of heat loss

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71
Q

Evaporation accounts for…

A

22% of heat loss

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72
Q

The last form of heat loss is…

A

respiration

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73
Q

Larger animals lose heat…

A

less quickly due to the smaller SA:V ratio

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74
Q

Lower temperature gradient means…

A

slower heat transfer

75
Q

Insulation reduces…

A

heat loss to the environment

76
Q

Ectothermy is also known as…

A

poikilotherms

77
Q

Ectotherms derive their heat from the … and are temperature …

A

environment, conformers

78
Q

Endotherms have a … temperature, regulated by deriving heat from …

A

metabolism

79
Q

What are the benefits of being an ectotherm?

A
  • Metabolic rate 5x slower (require less food, H2O & resources)
  • Can devote large proportion of energy budget to reproduction
  • Good colonisers of poor/arid environments
80
Q

What are the costs of being an ectotherm?

A
  • No nocturnal environmental niches (unless in tropical and summer temperate climates)
  • Cannot sustain high activity bursts as risk O2 debt (reptiles tend to be ambush predators) - fatigue rapidly
  • Susceptible to sustained predation by endotherms
81
Q

What are the benefits to endothermy (homeothermy)?

A
  • Can sustain high activity bursts
  • Nocturnal activity in all habitats possible
  • Able to exploit colder environments
  • Forage widely and migrate over long distances
82
Q

What are the costs of endothermy?

A
  • Require large body sizes with low SA:V ratios
  • metabolic rate is 5x faster than ectotherms
  • need more food and water
  • cannot devote large proportion of energy budget to reproduction
  • Poor colonisers of poor/arid environments
83
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

The range of temperatures in which an animal does not expend energy to maintain Tb

84
Q

Tb is..

A

body temperature

85
Q

Above the thermoneutral zone is called the … … … and below is called the … … …

A

upper critical limit,

lower critical limit

86
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

87
Q

Vasoconstriction:

A
  • diameter of superficial blood vessels decreases
  • blood flow to skin decreases
  • skin cools
  • less heat lost to E through radiation, conduction and convection
  • heat is trapped in the body core
88
Q

Shivering:

A

Rapid skeletal muscle contractions

  • consumes ATP
  • generates heat (increases heat production by 500%)
  • When primary fuel (glycogen) runs out, body uses proteins and lipids as fuel
89
Q

Which hormones can increase cellular metabolism and therefore heat?

A
  • Adrenaline (released from adrenal medulla, increases heart rate)
  • Thyroxine (released from thyroid, increases basal metabolic rate)
90
Q

Insulating Brown adipose tissue is rich in … which break down fuel into heat only, rich in … …, specialised for rapid … … and found in … mammals, … mammals and the … of human adults.

A

mitochondria, blood supply, heat production, newborn, hibernating, necks & shoulder blades

91
Q

White adipose tissue has…

A

no intracellular organelles and little blood supply

92
Q

Stork legs, whale tongues, and dolphin fins have…

A

countercurrent heat exchange

93
Q

Blubber is…

A

a thick layer of vascularised adipose tissue under the skin of sea mammals - low thermal conductivity of skin, with low metabolic activity

94
Q

Fur/hair/feathers reduce convection by…

A

trapping a layer of insulating warm air close to the skin surface
- effect lost if air replaced by water or oil (oil spills)

95
Q

Vasodilation:

A
  • diameter of blood vessels increases
  • blood flow to skin increases
  • skin heats up
  • more heat lost to E through radiation, conduction and convection
96
Q

Perspiration:

A
  • Glands in skin secrete sweat onto surface to increase heat loss by evaporation - evaporative cooling (water has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than air and absorbs heat when it evaporates, releasing heat)
  • sweat also increases convection rate
97
Q

Panting:

A
  • evaporation of moisture from the mouth and tongue

- exchange hot air in the lungs with cooler external air

98
Q

Birds don’t have sweat glands but have a method called…

A

a gular flutter - rapidly flap membrane in the throat to increase evaporation

99
Q

Urohidrosis:

A

defecation on legs for evaporative cooling

100
Q

Blood plasma is … water
Breast milk is … water
Mucus is … water
Sweat is … water

A

92%
88%
95%
99%

101
Q

Why do we need to regulate body fluids?

A

The concentration of body fluids is usually different to that of the external environment

102
Q

Solutes can be moved…

A

actively (against a concentration gradient) or passively (along a concentration gradient)

103
Q

What factors affect diffusion rate?

A
  • Temperature (higher temperature, higher rate as faster moving particles)
  • Size of particles (smaller particles, faster rate)
  • Electrical charge (can facilitate or prevent passage)
  • Concentration gradient (greater gradient, faster rate)
104
Q

Osmolarity is…

A

a measure of the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution across a perfect semi-permeable membrane (only water can cross) compared to pure water

105
Q

Osmolarity =

A

(number of particles per molecule of solute) X (moles/litres)

measured in osmoles/litre (Osm/L)

106
Q

Molecular weight of glucose is…

A

180

107
Q

The cell is … to the extracellular fluid

A

hyperosmotic

108
Q

Tonicity is…

A

the effect of a solution on a cell volume

It depends on:

  • solutes
  • membrane permeability

Depends on concentration of non-penetrating solutes only

109
Q

Give examples of osmoconformers?

A

Elasmobranches (sharks and rays) and lots of marine invertebrates

110
Q

Frogs have limited…

A

osmoregulation

111
Q

What generates nitrogenous waste?

A

The breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids

  • in the digestive system
  • for energy or conversion into fats/carbohydrates
  • Amino group (NH2) is removed
112
Q

When NH2 joins a hydrogen ion it forms … which is highly … and raises the … of body fluids, inhibiting key …

A

ammonia, toxic, pH, enzymes

113
Q

Which animals excrete ammonia?

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic invertebrates

114
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of excreting ammonia?

A
  • Doesn’t require energy
  • small molecule –> rapid diffusion
    BUT
  • very toxic
  • affects osmolarity as highly water-soluble
    SO
  • animals that excrete ammonia need access to lots of water
115
Q

Which animals excrete urea?

A

Mammals, most amphibians, cartilaginous fish

116
Q

Urea is produced in the … by combining ammonia with …

A

liver, CO2

117
Q

Urea is … less toxic than ammonia and requires less … to excrete, but requires … to make

A

1000x, water, energy (1 and a half ATP)

118
Q

Uric acid is produced by…

A

birds, insects, reptiles and some amphibians

119
Q

Uric acid is completely … and even less … than urea.

A

Insoluble (excreted as a semi-solid - great for conserving water),
toxic

120
Q

But uric acid requires … as much energy to make as urea

A

3x

121
Q

Uric acid is useful if development takes place inside an …

A

egg

- even urea would build up toxic concentrations

122
Q

Tadpoles excrete .. but adult frogs excrete …

A

ammonia, urea

123
Q

Terrestrial turtles excrete … but aquatic turtles excrete …

A

uric acid, ammonia

124
Q

The west african lungfish excretes … in water but when water dries up it excretes … on land

A

ammonia, urea

125
Q

Protozoa have organelles called … … which expel water with nitrogenous waste out into the environment

A

contractile vacuole

126
Q

Annelids, molluscs and platyhelminthes expel waste using …

A

nephridia

- and excrete through nephridiopores

127
Q

Insects collect waste with … …

A

malpighian tubules (attached to gut)

128
Q

How do seabirds excrete salt?

A

Nasal salt glands + excrete out of nostrils

129
Q

Insects are susceptible to water loss as…. so they excrete … to conserve water.

A

they have a relatively high SA:V ratio, uric acid

130
Q

Malpighian tubules are…

A
  • blind-ended tubes
  • have walls exactly one cell thick
  • found between midgut and hindgut
  • float in haemolymph
131
Q

Coccids have … malpighian tubules whereas desert locusts have …

A

2, 250

132
Q

Salts and nitrogenous waster are … … into gut lumen through malpighian tubules, and water follows by …. Re absorption occurs from the …, and salts and valuable organic molecules are pumped back into the …, with water following by …

A

actively transported, osmosis, rectum, haemolymph, osmosis

133
Q

Kidneys receive … … blood, high in … … from the … ….

A

High pressure, waste products, renal artery

134
Q

The … … leaves the kidney with filtered blood

A

renal vein

135
Q

Waste products are passed into the … on the way to being excreted.

A

ureter

136
Q

The kidney receives … of the cardiac output from our bodies

A

20-25%

137
Q

What are the four stages the kidneys use to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood?

A
  • Filtration (blood fluids collected)
  • Reabsorption (selective transport of needed substances back to tissue fluid/blood)
  • Secretion (of un-needed (toxic/excess) larger substances into filtrate)
  • Excretion of filtrate
138
Q

The membranes in the kidney are … …

A

selectively permeable

139
Q

The renal cortex is important in the process of …, whereas the renal medulla is important in the process of…

A

Ultrafiltration,

regulating water and salt in the blood

140
Q

The functional units of kidneys are called…

A

nephrons

- single long tubule surrounded by network of capillaries

141
Q

Blood pressure in the … forces fluid into the lumen of the … …

A

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule

  • non-selective process, occurs by diffusion
142
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of henle is … to water

A

impermeable

143
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also known as…

A

vasopressin

- increases water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct

144
Q

In the thermoneutral zone…

A

no metabolic energy is required to be spent on temperature regulation

145
Q

What are the two strategies used to minimise damage at extreme temperatures?

A
  1. Tolerance - capacity to endure environmental conditions without adverse reaction
  2. Avoidance - prevent damage from occuring
146
Q

Heat shock proteins (HsPs) are present…

A

in all major compartments of all cells (animals, prokaryotes, plants)

  • limit consequences of damage from heat stress
  • they are molecular chaperones
147
Q

The functions of heat shock proteins are…

A
  • to promote the proper folding or refolding of protein
  • to prevent potentially damaging interactions with proteins
  • to aid in the disassembly of formations of protein aggregates
148
Q

Expression of HsPs is a … response

A

stress

149
Q

Stress conditions … proteins, these … proteins are … and HsPs proteins are produced/upregulated/induced, and these … denatured proteins.

A

Denature, denatured, detected, refold

150
Q

HsPs have … and … H bonds

A

better, more

+ better shape harder to denature

151
Q

Heat shock proteins also perform a secondary function in the … …

A

immune system

  • usually found intracellularly, so if found extracellularly suggests that cell membranes have been damaged
  • helps to present antigens from diseased cells to T cells, which destroy diseased cells
  • (serve as warning signal to the body)
152
Q

Drosophila larvae were genetically engineered to have more copies of HsPs genes. Compared to wild type flies they showed…

A

greater mortality and slower development

153
Q

How are sub-zero temperatures damaging?

A

Ice formation causes external fluid to freeze, and therefore solute concentration of the external fluid to increase so water leaves by osmosis and cells shrink. The cell membrane structure degrades and ice crystals are pointy so cause cell damage

154
Q

Freeze avoidance:

A

avoid freezing by keeping the bodily fluids liquid

155
Q

Freeze tolerance:

A

can tolerate the formation of internal ice

156
Q

How do insects avoid freezing?

A
  1. Selection of a dry hibernation site in which no ice nucleation from an external source can occur
  2. Physical barrier such as wax-coated cuticle that provides protection against external ice across the cuticle
  3. Depress the temperature at which bodily fluids will freeze, by:
    • supercooling (removing or inactivating ice-nucleating agents in the gut or intracellular compartments (water can cool to -42C without freezing))
    • cryoprotectant synthesis (increase solute concentration, therefore decreasing freezing point - most common is glycerol, which attracts water molecules)
157
Q

How do insects tolerate freezing?

A
  1. Limit supercooling, initiate freezing of body fluids at relatively high temperature
  2. Produce ice structuring proteins (antifreeze proteins), which bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth/recrystallisation of ice
  3. Produce ice nucleating proteins which allow insects to control the formation of ice crystals within their bodies, avoiding a sudden, total freeze - allows the insect to moderate the rate of ice growth, adjust more slowly to the mechanical and osmotic pressures imposed by ice formation
158
Q

Arctic woolly bear moths can withstand … during annual period of diapause. They accumulate … (glycerol and betaine) in late Arctic summer. They form a … to eliminate nucleators.

A
  • 70C, cryoprotectants, hibernaculum

- they are freeze-tolerant

159
Q

Goldenrod gall moth larvae supercooling points drop from -14C to … during autumn. The water content is decreased and the … content is increased.

A

38C, glycerol

  • they are freeze-avoidant
160
Q

The wood frog uses both strategies. It can supercool to … and can survive weeks at -8C in a frozen state with … of total body water as ice - tolerates freezing of … water

A
  • 3C, 48%, extracellular

- no anticipatory accumulation of cryoprotectants during autumn - triggered by initiation of ice formation in the body

161
Q

Red bark larvae can survive temperatures of … due to high concentrations of glycerol deliberately dehydrating tissues to concentrate ice-structuring proteins, so the body water forms a glassy substance rather than freezing

A

-150C

162
Q

The snow flea can synthesise an … (ice-structuring) protein that can be made synthetically for use in extending the storage life of donor organs for human transplantation

A

antifreeze

- rich in glycine

163
Q

r =

A

(∆P x A)/D

∆P = difference in partial pressure
A = surface area
D = distance

r = rate of diffusion

164
Q

Insect tracheae penetrate to..

A

individual cells - don’t need blood to carry oxygen to cells

165
Q

Insect ventilation is …. Larger insects may exhibit … … … which compress and expand the trachea, pumping air through.

A

tidal, rhythmic body movements

166
Q

Insects can close spiracles when…

Insects have … around spiracles to trap water

A

the environment is dry - to minimise water loss,

hairs

167
Q

Many insects have … … which store air and are useful when the environment is dry or energy demands are high

A

air sacs

168
Q

Respiratory surfaces must always be…

A

moist

169
Q

Per cycle birds have 2 …

A

inhalations

  • can have 8-9 air sacs
  • unidirectional so no mixing of air
170
Q

Birds have a type of blood flow called…

A

crosscurrent flow

171
Q

Bird lungs are…

A

relatively small for their body size

172
Q

The fact that lungs are inside the body minimises…

A

water loss

173
Q

In humans, not all air is exhaled due to tidal ventilation. This means that the percentage of air that is oxygen is…

A

lower in the lungs than in the outside air

174
Q

Marine mammals can store oxygen in their … as well as their lungs

A

muscles

  • they are more efficient at extracting oxygen
  • they can also temporarily cut off circulation to some parts of the body
175
Q

CO2 levels rise –> chemoreceptors –>

A

medulla –> increased breathing rate

  • negative feedback
176
Q

Currently … of bird species are experiencing maximum ambient temperatures above their … … …. This is predicted to rise to … by 2080

A

15%, upper thermal tolerance, 36%

177
Q

Currently … of mammal species are experiencing maximum ambient temperatures above their upper thermal tolerance. This is predicted to rise to … by 2080

A

16%, 47%

178
Q

… come in different colour morphs: common, black and white. Different phenotypes have slightly different body temperatures and are more/less common at different …

A

Springboks, temperatures

  • we expect number of black morphs to decrease
179
Q

Phenotype plasticity is…

A

the ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environments

180
Q

Fish are ectotherms, so as environmental temperatures rise, … … increases and therefore … requirements increase. This is a problem as … concentrations in the sea are falling due to a … …

A

metabolic activity, oxygen, oxygen, warming climate

181
Q

We will probably see a decrease in fish … … in the future due to increasing temperatures and decreasing oxygen availability

A

body size

  • may have follow on effects on other species
182
Q

In an experiment cape white eye birds were housed at current ambient temperature and 4C higher, and physiological measurements (metabolic rate and water loss) were taken. What was found?

A

No difference

183
Q

In another experiment, perch physiology was studied in waters warmed by a nuclear plant. What was found

A

Perch from the control area had lower oxygen consumption and cardiac output than those in the warm waters near the nuclear plant.

184
Q

Insects in the tropics live closer to their … … … than those found nearer the poles

A

thermal tolerance limits

Zoology Semester 2 (15 decks)

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