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Zoology Semester 2 > APS123 Edwards > Flashcards

APS123 Edwards Flashcards

1
Q

What is palm oil used in?

A

Food, pharmaceuticals, biofuels

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2
Q

From 1999-2008 there was been a … increase in oil palm area

A

56%

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3
Q

From 2001 to 2011 there was a …Mha expansion in oil palm area

A

5.5

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4
Q

There has been most severe deforestation for oil palm in..

A

South-East Asia (e.g. indonesia)

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5
Q

Most deforestation for oil palm has been at the expense of….

A

primary and selectively logged tropical forest

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6
Q

There is a predicted future demand for …. of oil palm

A

over 60 million tonnes

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7
Q

Science shows that forest conversion to oil palm … carbon

A

releases

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8
Q

Replacing dry dipterocarp forest with oil palm:

A

-163t/ha

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9
Q

Replacing peatswamp forest with oil palm:

A

-1450t/ha

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10
Q

Peatswamps are often … to clear space for oil palm

A

burned - huge destruction, lots of CO2, lots of smoke, poor air quality
- Haze from indonesian fires may have killed more than 100,000 people

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11
Q

Biofuels save burning fossil fuels, but ….

A

oil palm expansion destroys forest

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12
Q

It would take … years to replace the effects of cutting down dry dipterocarp forest with the effects of using palm oil biofuel

A

75-90

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13
Q

It would take … years to replace the effects of cutting down dry peatswamp forest with the effects of using palm oil biofuel

A

600

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14
Q

Science shows that replacing natural tropical forests with oil palm causes a dramatic fall in …

A

biodiversity

–> key driver of global extinction crisis

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15
Q

It is important to not only conserve species for what they are but…

A

what they do - species play functional roles in ecosystems that are important to conserve

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16
Q

… diversity is a key way of assessing ecosystem functioning

A

Functional

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17
Q

Functional diversity (FD)…

A

quantifies the range and abundance of functional roles played by species within a community

e. g.
- food type
- body size
- foraging strategy
- bill shape (look at vangas)

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18
Q

Functional richness is…

A

the volume of functional trait space occupied by a set of species

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19
Q

FD/FRic =

A 
ecosystem services (ES)
- the provision of a natural resource or process that is valued by humankind (e.g. carbon storage, water)
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20
Q

Protection of ecosystem function is positively related to…

A

protection of ecosystem services

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21
Q

There is a positive correlation between plant biomass and…

A

functional diversity

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22
Q

With oil palm (instead of primary or intensively logged forest), functional diversity…

A

DRAMATICALLY decreases (by over 90% in birds, by over 98% in dung beetles)

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23
Q

With deforestation for oil palm comes big trait losses and small trait gains. In birds there is an increase in… loss of … and arrival of …
In dung beetles there is an absence of …, decreased … and increased …

A

granivorous species, bark gleaners, water-related species

rollers, diet generalist species, smaller species

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24
Q

Fewer … … exist in oil palm

A

trait combinations

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25
Q

There is no impact of … …, or … … forest on yield

A

forest extent, distance to

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26
Q

Spill over of biodiversity from forest has net … effect on yield

A

neutral

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27
Q

Retention of forest must be for … rather than … …

A

conservation, yield benefits

28
Q

A species climate niche can be defined as…

A

the specific range of climatic requirements that enables a species to survive and reproduce

29
Q

We want to understand species climate niches across the Earth and how they may change. To do this we can create a…

A

bioclimate envelope model (BEM)

30
Q

There are … main steps in the process of creating a BEM

A

five

31
Q

The first BEM step is…

A

collecting records of locations

  • from museum collections (detailed labels)
  • from records from wildlife enthusiasts
  • from research datasets
  • from fieldwork to (possible) locations
32
Q

The second BEM step is…

A

mapping current species distribution

- plot known records on a map

33
Q

The third BEM step is…

A

using distribution to infer environmental requirements

  • overlay maps of environmental features with distribution map - topography (altitude), soil type, rainfall, temperature
  • cross-reference distribution with environmental layers
34
Q

The fourth BEM step is…

A

predicting a species distribution from its environmental requirements

  • statistical modelling to simulate where a species is also likely to occur
  • based upon accurate environmental measures from step 3
35
Q

The fifth BEM step is…

A

using BEM to predict future distributions under changing climates
- statistical models to predict where a species will live under changed climatic conditions

36
Q

Bioclimate envelope models allow…

A
  • you to define species’ climatic niches

- you to simulate species’ distributions under present and future climates

37
Q

Understanding species climate requirements is important when thinking about…

A
  • Food production
  • Human diseases
  • Species extinctions
38
Q

Climate is responsible for more severe…

A 
weather events (e.g. droughts and floods)
- farmed species have climatic requirements too
39
Q

What may be required of corn farming in the USA?

A
  • developing heat-tolerant strains to 32.5C

- or move corn farms north

40
Q

Climate change is responsible for ……….. conditions in more northerly areas. … and … may track their climate envelopes.

A

warmer and wetter,

Vectors (e.g. mosquitos), diseases (e.g. dengue)

41
Q

… of australian flying foxes can die off in some populations following…

A

a single day of exposure to extreme temperatures

42
Q

Thomas et al (2004) predicted that..

A

for 2050, 15-37% of species (in sample regions and taxa) will be ‘committed to extinction’

43
Q

Adapting to climate change will require…

A

physiological variability in thermal tolerances of species

44
Q

What 3 questions are important when considering whether species will be able to adapt to climate change?

A
  • Does such physiological variability exist and where?
  • Are species adapting to climate change via heritable, genetic changes?
  • Can the rate of evolutionary adaptation match the rate of climate change?
45
Q

Bird species from more varied climates have…

A

broader physiological limits (broader thermal tolerances).

  • Species in climatically stable tropics are mot at risk
46
Q

Mammal species from varied climates…

A

do not have broader thermal tolerances.

47
Q

Tropical species may be particularly…

A

vulnerable to climate change

48
Q

What is phenology?

A 
"the timing of seasonal activities of animals and plants"
Includes the timing of:
- Arrival of migrants
- Appearance (butterflies, buds)
- Breeding
49
Q

How do we determine whether phenology has changed?

A

We need to compare across decades of data

  • Natural historians (notes/collections)
  • Monitoring surveys

We need to control for confounding variables
- i.e., is it really climate change driven?

50
Q

Over 57 years, UK laying date is related to…

A

temperature or rainfall for 31 of 36 bird species

51
Q

Anomalies of phenological phases in Germany correlate with…

A

mean spring air temperature and winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

52
Q

Phenology strongly matches…

A

climate

53
Q

How has warming impacted phenology?

A
  • altered date of arrival of migrants
  • altered first and duration of appearance
  • altered first breeding
54
Q

Mean arrival and departure of 20 migrant bird species have…

A

advanced by 8 days

55
Q

What are the benefits of this change in phenology?

A
  • Exploitation of favourable climates earlier in the year
  • Early access to best nest sites and abundant food (–> improved survival of young)
  • Potential to make more breeding attempts
56
Q

What are the costs of this change in phenology?

A
  • Sudden bad weather (kills adults or young)

- temporal mismatch with food (phenology shifts in species, but not necessarily its food)

57
Q

Are species shifting their distribution? We need to compare…

A

past distributions with current distributions and see whether they have changed by moving to higher latitudes or altitudes?

58
Q

When looking at 35 non-migratory species of butterfly, … have shifted northwards by 35-240km. Only … shifted south

A

65%,

3%

59
Q

In Indonesian mountains, … moth species moved upwards by an average of … between 1965 and 2007

A

102,

67

60
Q

Temperature and … may combine to create different predicted patterns - predictions may be too simplistic

A

precipitation

61
Q

In Australia, if you focus only on poleward shifts, you would underestimate shifts in climate niches by … in temperate species and … in tropic species

A

26%,

95%

62
Q

Observed rate of movements in many species…

A

do not match those predicted/expected - especially for elevation

63
Q

Why might range shifts not be as rapid?

A
  • Species simply can’t move quickly enough?
  • Data used in predictions are too coarse scale?
  • Temperature grid cells at 1 x 1 km or larger
    • but is this the scale at which species operate (think about how small insects are, for example)
64
Q

What is a microhabitat?

A

Fine-scale (cm to m) features within a habitat, e.g. epiphytic ferns, tree holes, leaf litter.

  • they can act as thermal buffers
  • allowing species to survive under harsh conditions, e.g. extreme climate events
65
Q

In forests, the further you go up…

A

the warmer it gets (different to mountains)

66
Q

In frogs there was less… with decreasing…

A

arboreality, elevation

- consistent amongst and within species

Zoology Semester 2 (15 decks)

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