April Test Flashcards
What happens inside the cytoplasm?
Chemical reactions
What are the mitochondria for?
Releasing energy
What is the nucleus for?
- Controlling the cell
- Contains the instructions to make a new cell
What is the cell membrane for?
Controlling what enters and exits the cell
Why is a sperm cell specialised?
- Long tail
- Many mitochondria to release energy for movement
Why are nerve cells (neurones) specialised?
-they’re long and thin and form connections with other cells
What do ribosomes do?
Make proteins
What do chloroplasts do?
Convert light energy into glucose
What is glucose?
Sugars
What does the vacuole do?
Stores food + nutrients
What is interphase?
The cell prepares to divide by copying DNA and making cell parts
What is mitosis?
Where chromosomes separate and the cell divides into two
What’s the best way to remember the mitosis cycle?
Please Make Another Two Cells
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
What happens in prophase?
DNA condenses
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibres start filling the cell
What happens in anaphase?
Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres
What happens in telophase?
Two nuclei form
What happens in cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm divides in two
What are gametes?
Sex cells
What’s the magnification formula?
Image ➗ Actual
AIM
Is a body cell a haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Is a sex cell a haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Traits of asexual reproduction?
One parent, little offspring, offspring clones of parent
Traits of sexual reproduction?
Two parents
Sex cells
Variation in offspring
What are the 4 bases in DNA?
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
What are the uprights of the DNA ladder made of?
Sugar and phosphate
What are the bases connected by in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
What is the twisted DNA structure called?
Double helix
How are mutations formed?
When DNA is copied wrong
In DNA extraction why is the onion placed in washing up solution?
To break down cell membranes and release DNA
Why is onion placed in a water bath?
Speed up membrane breakdown and destroy enzymes
What did Mendel do?
Recorded what happened when peas cross bred and found dominant genes
What do bacteria cells not have?
Nucleus
How does the bacteria move?
Flagellum
What is the function of a ciliates epithelial cell?
Moving substances (mucus for example)
What type of cells are animal and plant cells?
Eukaryotic
What type of cell is bacteria?
Prokaryotic
What does a nucleus contain?
Genetic material (chromosomes)
What is the cell wall made of?
Cellulose
What is cell sap?
Sugars and salts
What do chloroplasts do?
Make food for the plant
How is the egg adapted for its use?
It has a haploid nucleus
It contains nutrients to feed the embryo
How is the sperm cell adapted for its use?
Long tail
Haploid nucleus
Put these in order..
Nanometre
Millimetre
Picometer
Micrometer
Millimetre
Micrometer
Nanometer
Picometre
What does a catalyst do?
Speeds up reactions without changing its form
What is an enzyme?
A catalyst produced by living things
Ways to speed up a reaction?
Catalyst
Temperature
Mix
What is the lock and key theory?
When an enzyme won’t work unless a substrate fits into it perfectly
Formula for calculating the rate of a reaction?
1000
______
Time
Which enzyme breaks down starch, and what into?
Amylase
Into sugars
Which enzyme breaks down proteins, and what into?
Protease
Into amino acids
Which enzyme breaks down lipid? And what into?
Lipase
Into fatty acids
How do you test for reducing sugars?
Add Benedicts reagent to a sample and heat it.
The more reducing sugar, the more the colour will change.
