April Test 3

Question 1

What does evolution mean?

Answer 1

A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

Question 2

Why is it hard to find evidence of evolution?

Answer 2

Because some is destroyed by earthquakes

Question 3

How is the age of a stone tool worked out?

Answer 3

By looking at the rock it’s made with

Question 4

What is genetic variation?

Answer 4

The characteristics of individuals vary in a population due to gene difference

Question 5

What is natural selection?

Answer 5

By chance some individuals have variations that make them better at coping and more likely to survive

Question 6

What is inheritance?

Answer 6

Naturally selected survivors breed and pass on their variations to offspring

Question 7

What’s the best way to remember the classification of an animal?

Answer 7

Kings Play Chess On Fire Grain Sand

Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 8

What do plants have that animals don’t?

Answer 8

Chloroplasts

Question 9

Definition of species?

Answer 9

A group of similar organisms capable of reproducing

Question 10

Definition of breed?

Answer 10

Members of an animal species differing from others slightly

Question 11

Definition of variety?

Answer 11

Members of a plant species differing from others only slightly

Question 12

What is artificial selection?

Answer 12

When humans breed organisms with useful characteristics to create new breeds/varieties with desired characteristics

Question 13

Problems with selective breeding?

Answer 13

Takes a long time for desired characteristics

Large numbers may be disease prone

Concerns over animal welfare

Question 14

What is a calorimetry?

Answer 14

The dry food flame experiment

Question 15

What is diffusion?

Answer 15

Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 16

What is osmosis?

Answer 16

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low one

Question 17

What is active transport?

Answer 17

The movement of particles across a membrane across a concentration gradient

Question 18

Two differences between diffusion and active transport?

Answer 18

Active transport requires energy

In active transport particles are moved UP a concentration gradient not DOWN

Question 19

What is a chromosome?

Answer 19

A coiled up length of DNA molecules

Question 20

How do you calculate the number of cells produced by mitosis?

Answer 20

2^n

n=number of divisions

Question 21

How is cancer caused?

Answer 21

When a cell starts dividing uncontrollably due to a change in one gene, causing a tumour

Question 22

What is a stem cell?

Answer 22

An undifferentiated cell

Question 23

Where are stem cells found?

Answer 23

In embryos

Question 24

Risks of stem cells?

Answer 24

They divide very quickly

They may carry disease

The body may reject them

Question 25

How does a reflex happen?

Answer 25

* Touch flame * Receptor * Sensory * Synapse * Relay * Synapse * Motor * Effector

Question 26

Why is alcohol added to DNA?

Answer 26

To get the DNA out as it isn't soluble in alcohol

Question 27

What decides the order of amino acids in a protein?

Answer 27

The order of the bases

Question 28

Instead of T what does mRNA use?

Answer 28

U

Question 29

Transcription

Answer 29

* RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA in front of a gene * The two DNA strands unzip * The RNA polymerase uses the coding DNA as a template to make mRNA * The mRNA leaves the nucleus and joins with a ribosome

Question 30

Translation

Answer 30

* tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome * Codon and anticodon make sure amino acids are in the right order * Amino acids join together and a polypeptide is made

Question 31

Which chromosome pair determines gender?

Answer 31

23rd

Question 32

Genotype

Answer 32

The combination of alleles you have

Question 33

What is the human genome project?

Answer 33

Researchers mapped 20,500 genes

Question 34

Drawbacks of genome mapping?

Answer 34

Increased stress if you know you're susceptible Discrimination by employers and insurance People under pressure not to have children

Question 35

The deeper the rock the...

Answer 35

Older the fossil

Question 36

Who came up with the theory of evolution? Who also contributed?

Answer 36

Charles Darwin | Wallace

Question 37

What did Wallace come up with?

Answer 37

Natural selection theory Butterflies had warning colours on wings to deter predators

Question 38

How old is Ardi? Key characteristics?

Answer 38

4.4 million years old Feet to climb trees Long arms and short legs Chimp like brain size

Question 39

How old is Lucy? Key characteristics?

Answer 39

3.2 million years old Feet more adapted to walking Arms and legs more human like Larger brain

Question 40

How old is Turkana Boy? Key characteristics?

Answer 40

1.6 million years old Short arms long legs Bigger brain again

Question 41

Order these Homo habilis Homo sapien Homo neanderthalis Homo erectus

Answer 41

Habilis Erectus Neanderthalis Sapiens

Question 42

Pentadactyl limb

Answer 42

Limb with 5 digits

Question 43

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 43

``` Animals Plants Fungi Prokaryotes Protists ```

Question 44

Process of selective breeding?

Answer 44

Select the animals/plants with the desired characteristics and breed them Select the best offspring and breed them Continue this over several generations

Question 45

Process of tissue culture?

Answer 45

Take tissue from plant Grow tissue in medium containing growth hormones Move to potting compost to carry on growing

Question 46

How does genetic engineering work?

Answer 46

DNA is cut out with enzyme, vector DNA is then cut OPEN with same enzyme They are mixed together with ligase enzymes The result is recombinant DNA which is inserted into bacteria for example

Question 47

What can GMOs be used for?

Answer 47

Provide more food for people insect resistance in crops