Approaches Paper 2 Flashcards
Who is Rene Decartes and what did he believe?
Decartes was a 17th century philospher who believed the existence of humans was divided into 2 parts- the mind and the body (Cartesian dualism.)
Who is John Locke and what did he believe?
Locke was a 17th century philosopher who believed the mind is blank at birth and knowledge/behaviors/personalities are learnt from experiences.
Who is Charles Darwin and what did he believe?
Darwin was a 19th century figure who shaped ideas in philosophy such as the idea that evolution and genetics play a part in human behavior. Natural selection creates adaptation of phycological traits.
When and where did Wundt establish his lab?
1879 in the University of Leipzig, Germany.
What is Wundt’s approach?
Structuralism- a theory of consciousness that breaks down mental processes to analyze how they make bigger ones.
What is Wundt’s method?
Introspection- examining personal thought processes based on a specific stimuli to self-reflect.
How did Wundt impact the emergence of psychology as a science?
- Used systematic and objective measurement
-Unbiased observation and experimentation
-Rigorous methods which were replicable and controlled
-Lab environment (controlled)
What was the impact of Wundt’s legacy?
-Legitimized psychology as a scientific discipline
-Emphasized controlled experimental conditions and systematic observation
-Inspired future psychologists
-Authored one of the first psychology books
-Trained psychologists across Europe
What is an inference?
Drawing logical conclusions or making interpretations based on available evidence, observations, or prior knowledge.
What are strengths of Wundt?
-Shifted from philosophy to psychology
-Introspection exists today
-More scientific approach-standardized methods
-Testable hypothesis- increases replicability
What are weaknesses of Wundt?
-Introspection relies on non-observable responses
-Hard to explain
-Subjective data- open to interpretation
-Cannot replicate results or come to a conclusion
What is the structure of ‘Evaluate’ questions?
PEELH
What is the conscious in the Psychodynamic approach?
Conscious thoughts and perceptions that one is aware of in the present
What is the pre-conscious in the Pyschodynamic approach?
Memories or past experiences that are not in your present mind but can be remembered
What is the unconscious according to the Psychodynamic approach?
A reservoir of disturbing thoughts or feelings which are out of conscious awareness
What is the id?
-Pleasure principle
-Seeks immediate gratification of needs
-Developed from birth
What is the ego?
-Reality principle
-A buffer between the id and superego
-Expresses needs in a socially acceptable way
-Develops at 2-4
What is the superego?
-Morality principle
-Controls conscience- rewarded for good things, punished for bad things
-Internalization from parental figures
-Develops 5-6
What is ‘Free Association’?
Patient is encouraged to speak freely with no censoring to reveal everything in the mind. Repressed memories may be recovered. Therapist listens and takes notes to provide insights of the unconscious mind
What is ‘Dream Analysis’?
Dreams unlock the unconscious and reveal hidden symbolic desires, which the therapist would decode.
What are the dfferent Pyschosexual stages?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
What is the Oedipus complex?
1.Boys develop unconscious sexual desire for their mothers
2. They begin to fear their fathers- castration anxiety
3.Boys give up love for mother and identify with their father
4. Superego develops
What is the Electra complex?
- Girl becomes aware she has no penis
- Realises her mother doesn’t either and views them as less powerful
3.Develops penis envy and desires father
4.Girl fears losing love of mother and converts desire of penis to desire of baby
5.Superego develops
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconsciously protecting oneself from anxiety or harmful situations