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Psychology > Approaches (minimal) > Flashcards

Approaches (minimal) Flashcards

1
Q

What do behaviourists argue?

A

that behaviour is learned through experiences and interactions with the environemnt

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2
Q

What do behaviourists say about stimulus response mechanisms?

A

They argue it is only possible to scientifically investigate what can be directly observed and measure. This includes what you do to a stimulus and the resulting response

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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4
Q

Who conducted research for the theory of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

What was Pavlovs study?

A

He conditioned a hungry dog getting a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell

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6
Q

What were the findings of Pavlovs study?

A

Dogs began to salivate not only in response to the neutral stimulus even when the food was not presented. This indicated that the dog had learned to associate the neutral stimulus with the food

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7
Q

What did Pavlov initially study?

A

digestion in dogs

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8
Q

What is the process for classical conditioning?

A

when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was produced by the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is another example of classical conditioning?

A

Watson and Rayner little albert

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10
Q

What was the little albert study?

A

Conditioned a fear of white rats and associated the fear with a bang

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences - positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

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12
Q

What psychologist is associated with operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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13
Q

What did Skinner do?

A

He placed a hungry rat or pigeon was placed in an empty box, with controlled contiditions, and observed how animals learned to operate levers to receive a reward (food) or avoid punishment

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14
Q

What were the findings of skinners operant study?

A

Behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow, behaviours followed by rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated whilst those followed by negative consequences are less likely to recur

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15
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

receiving a reward when a particular behaviour is performed

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16
Q

What is negative reinforment?

A

Behaves in a particular way to avoid or get rid of an unpleasant consequence

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17
Q

What does punishment do?

A

weakens a behaviour

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18
Q

What variations did Skinner do?

A
  • skinner introduced a light which could act as a signal for the animal to press the lever
  • electric shock through the floor and the rat had to press the lever in order to turn off the shock
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19
Q

What type of response is classical conditioning?

A

an involuntary response - reflex like responses because they are automatic and not under the conscious control

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20
Q

What type of response is operant conditioning?

A

voluntary response - they a controlled and produce a behaviour with an understanding of the consequences

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21
Q

What does classical conditioning explain?

A

how automatic responses to new stimuli develop through assoication

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22
Q

A strength of the behaviourist theory is that behaviour therapies are used extensively to treat:

A
  • systematic desensitisation for phobias
  • aversion therapy for alcoholism

the patient doesn’t have to think deeply about their problem and search for the cause of the behaviour

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23
Q

What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

A

major impact making it more objective and more scientific

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24
Q

What is my 1st weakness of behaviourist approach?

A

it is too deterministic, suggests we have little control over our behaviour because it is dictated by previous consequences

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25
Q

What is my 2nd weakness of behaviourist approach?

A

Behaviours only looked at observable behaviour which can be criticised, We miss what is essential to humans, thinking problem solving, the cognitive approach would argue that it is necessary to look at internal cognitive processes

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26
Q

Who is one of the most prominent social learning theorists

A

Bandura

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27
Q

What was Banduras study?

A

Bobo doll study

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28
Q

What did Bandura agree with and what did her argue?

A

behaviourist principles but argued understanding human behaviour requires recognising learning as a cognitive process which happens in a social context

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29
Q

What happens when we see someone rewarded for a behaviour?

A

we are more likely to mimic it

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30
Q

What is Vicarious reinforcement?

A

reinforcement when the observer sees the model receiving a reward

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31
Q

What is vicarious punishment?

A

Witnessing a role model get punished for an action makes use less likely to adopt that behaviour

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32
Q

What was Banduras aim for the bobo doll study?

A

He conducted a controlled experiment study to investigate if social behaviours can be acquired by observation and imitation

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33
Q

What sample did bandura use for his study?

A

36 boys and 36 girls from stanford university nursery school ages 3 - 6

34
Q

What were the children pre-tested for in Banduras study?

A

how aggressive they were and put into groups of similar aggression

35
Q

What was Badnuras bobo doll method?

A

lab experiment in controlled conditions

condition 1 = modelling
condition 2 = aggression arousal
condition 3 = test for delayed imitation

36
Q

What were the findings of Banduras bobo doll study?

A

kids observing aggression had imitated aggressive responses far more than those observing aggressive

37
Q

What is imitation?

A

when an individual observed a behaviour from a role model and copies it

38
Q

What is identification?

A

when an individual is influenced by another (model) because they are in some way similar or wish to be like them.

39
Q

What is modelling?

A

when someone is influential on an individual in some way

40
Q

What is modelling the behaviour?

A

if an individual imitates the models behaviour

41
Q

What is the role of meditational processes?

A

The thought prior to imitation that occurs between observing the behaviour and imitating it

42
Q

What are the 4 processes in meditational process?

A
  • attentional process
  • retention process
  • motivational process
  • motor reproduction process
43
Q

What is attentional process?

A

the child carefully watches the model paying attention to detail

44
Q

What is retention process?

A

the child stores information in their memory

45
Q

What is motivational process?

A

the child has been motivated to imitate their behaviour because of the rewards the model has gained

46
Q

What is motor reproduction process?

A

the child has to be able to physically try and imitate the behaviour

47
Q

What is a strength of social learning theory>

A
  • uses experimental and non experimental methods
  • Bandura used controlled variables, had different control groups allowing for a cause and effect to be established
48
Q

What is a strength where social learning theory can be applied?

A

Many areas of psychology to explain behaviour, in the classroom teachers can praise children in front of the rest of the class and the other class members imitate the behaviour of the child - mundane realism and high ecological valdiity

49
Q

What is my first limitation of social leanring theory?

A

Doesn’t focus on the subjective individual experience - humanistic approach would suggest that each of us is unique with our own personal subjective experience and these individual experiences affect our decision making

50
Q

What is my second limitation of social learning theory?

A

criticism of the techniques used in reach in social learning theory
- lab studies to measure observational learning are low in ecological validity because of the nature of the experimental situation

51
Q

What are 2 assumptions about the behaviourist approach?

A
  • behaviour is learnt from the environment
  • behaviour is determined by reinforcement and punishment of past
52
Q

What are 2 assumptions about social learning theory?

A
  • learning can occur by observing role models in the environment
  • learning can be a result of direct reinforcement, but also indirectly through vicarious reinforcement
53
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

the study of internal mental processes that take place between stimulus and response

54
Q

What study shows how cognitive psychologist research and study the internal mental process?

A

Ebbinghaus

55
Q

What was Ebbinghaus study?

A

the furst experimental study of internal metnal processes

used nonsesnese words such as bok and waf and ged. He memorised long lsits of the words to test his memmory, nary times over three weeks

56
Q

What were the findings of Ebbinghaus study?

A

He found that forgetting was greatest soon after learning the this levelled off after just two days

57
Q

Who conducted the primary recency effect to study internal mental processes?

A

Murdock

58
Q

What was Murdocks aim?

A

To investigate the priamcry recenecy effects and show evidence for different memroy stores

59
Q

What was Murdocks method

A

read a list of 20 words to ppts and asked them to immediately recall as many as possible

60
Q

What were Murdocks results?

A

More words were recalled from the first few and last few words on the list compared to the middle words

61
Q

What was concluded from Murdocks study?

A

the early words were stored in the LTM and the last words were stored in the STM. The middle words were displaces - supports MSM

62
Q

What is a schema?

A

cognitive representation fo our ideas about a person or situation

63
Q

How are schemas formed?

A

threough expeirence and allow us to predict what may happen in our world

64
Q

What do schemas enable us to do?

A

process vast amounts of information rapidly

65
Q

What do schemas prevent us from doing?

A

becoming overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

66
Q

What are 3 problems with schemas?

A
  • can distort our interoperation of sensory information
  • lead to perceptual errors
  • can cause biased recall
67
Q

Why do cogntive psychologist use models?

A

to make inferences about mental processes

68
Q

Why can’t we directly observe mental processes, and how do we study them?

A

as we cannot directly observe mental processes because they are ‘private’ so we have to make judgement based on the results of a particular study

69
Q

What does the MSM show?

A

the models shows how a memory goes from sensory input to long term memory and how memories are forgotten

70
Q

What are the 3 reasons cognitive psychologist use models to explain processes?

A
  • simplifies complex processes
  • turns abstract concepts into concrete
  • provides a framework for research
71
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of brains strcutures, mechanisms and processes that are responsible for mental processes

72
Q

Cognitive neuroscience is a discipline that…

A

studies the influence of biological factors on mental processes

73
Q

What link do psychologist study in cognitive neuroscience?

A

the link between the brain structures + cognitive thought processes

74
Q

How has cognitive neuroscience developed?

A
  • relatively quickly
  • early research was on post-mortems such as the dfiscovery of Bras area
  • MRI and fMRi have enabled scientists to use precise measurements to describe the neurological basis of mental processes
75
Q

What did the Brocas area post morten show?

A

damaged area assumed to be for speech production as brocas patient could only say the word tang

76
Q

What is an example of cognitive nerueoscience?

A

Tulving was able to show that episodic and semantic memory may be located at opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex in the brain by using brains scans at the same time as giving participants memory tasks. The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories. Episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex

77
Q

Who could also be used as evidence for cognitive neuroscience?

A

Magurie - studies taxi drives compared to non taxi drives - plasticity

78
Q

What is a strength for the cognitive approach?

A

uses scientific experimental procedures in it investigations, so cause and effect can be established in controlled conditions - study of Murdock the recall of particular words was caused by their position on the list

79
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

A

the comparison that humans and computers has problems because computers dont have individual emotions and feelings

Each person is unique and this cannot be replicated in a computer, the computer responds in the same way to a problem whereas humans responses in a variety of ways to the same situation

80
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach about the scientific methods?

A

the scientific methods using experiments in lab conditions have been criticised for lacking ecological validity, e.g. learning lists of meaning less words in a lab with no distractions is unlike real life and there are many demand characteristic in the experiments

81
Q

What are 2 assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A
  • mental processes can be studied scientifically using carefully controlled experiments usually in a lab
  • cognitive psychologist use models to represent behaviour e.g. the multi store model of memory

Psychology (6 decks)

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