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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Who founded the multi store model?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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2
Q

What does the multi store model show?

A

It explains how information flows through a series of storage systems

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3
Q

Where does the century store receive information?

A

The environment

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4
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

A

Very large

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5
Q

What is the coding for the sensory store?

A

Sense organ specific

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6
Q

What is the duration for sensory store?

A

Less than half a second

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7
Q

What is the capacity for the short term memory?

A

7 +/- 2 items

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8
Q

What is the coding for the short term memory?

A

Acoustic (sound of the words)

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9
Q

What is the duration for the short term memory?

A

18-30 seconds

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10
Q

What is the capacity of the long-term memory?

A

Large

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11
Q

What is the coding of the long-term memory?

A

Code semantically by meaning

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12
Q

What is the duration of the long-term memory?

A

Take me retain information for many years the information is relatively permanent

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13
Q

What study is evidence for the visual Sensory memory?

A

Sperling displayed 16 letters (4 letters in each row) for 50 ms followed by a cue to inform the participant which row should be recalled, on average the participants record three out of four letters in each row

This supports a large capacity for the sensory store

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14
Q

What is study is evidence for the duration of the short-term memory?

A

Peterson & Peterson, tested 24 students over 8 trials, each trial participants were presented with the constant syllable trigrams to remember and a three digit number, they were asked to count backwards from the three digit number which prevented rehearsal and then to record the constant trigram after 3,6,9,12 or 18 seconds. Less than 10% of trigrams were recalled after 18 seconds.

This concluded the duration of the STM was approximately 18 seconds

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15
Q

What study is evidence for coding in the long-term memory?

A

Baddeley, investigated the coding of words in the LTM, participants were presented with lists of words. One list the words sounded the same (hat, cat, mat…) and in the other list the words sounded different but had a similar meaning (great, large big…)

Participants were asked to recall the words in the correct order after 20 minute delay and performed worse with the semantically similar words

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16
Q

What is the primary regency effect?

A

The information received at the beginning of the list and the end were remembered more than the middle, when plotting on a graph it shows a serial position curve

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17
Q

In which memory store other words for presented in the ‘primary effect’ stored?

A

Long term memory

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18
Q

What is the primary effect?

A

The first pieces of information someone receives are remebered

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19
Q

What is the Regency effect?

A

The most recent information someone receives is remembered better than the earlier data

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20
Q

What memory store other words represented in the ‘regency effect’ stored

A

Short term memory

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21
Q

How does the serial position curve support the multi store model of memory?

A

?

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22
Q

What is the working memory model?

A

Immortal of the short-term memory

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23
Q

What does the working memory model suggest?

A

Start the short-term memory is made up of three components of line for temporary storage of verbal and visual spatial material

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24
Q

What does the central executive do?

A
  • Allocate attention and controls attention processes
  • decides what information is attended to what slave system
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25
Q

What does the phonological loop consist of?

A

Articulatory control system and the phonological store

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26
Q

What is the articulatory control system also known as?

A

Inner voice

27
Q

What does the articulatory control system do?

A
  • Rehearses spoken acoustic information
  • converts written material to acoustic material
  • holds information ready for us to speak
28
Q

What is the phonological store also known as?

A

Inner ear

29
Q

What does the phonological store do?

A
  • Receives acoustic information from the environment and auditory information from the articular control system
30
Q

What is the Visuospatial sketchpad also known as?

A

Inner eye

31
Q

What does the Visuospatial sketchpad do?

A
  1. Visual cache = stores visual data
  2. Inner scribe = records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
32
Q

How is information coded in the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Through mental pictures

33
Q

What is the role of the episodic buffer?

A

It connects visual spatial and verbal information and maintains time sequencing

34
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Is the storage system of the central executive

35
Q

What study is evidence that the visual spatial sketchpad has a limited capacity?

A

Baddeley, Investigated the separate existence of the visuospatial sketchpad by asking participants to complete to visual task simultaneously

TASKS:
- two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F)
- one visual and one verbal task simultaneously

He found the participants had more difficulty doing the simultaneous visual tasks which concluded there must be separate slave systems

36
Q

Explain the case study that is clinical evidence for the working memory model

A

Due to brain damage in a motorcycle accident KF had poor memory for verbal material in short-term memory but he could process visual information they suggested that only his phonological loop had been damaged and supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store as suggested by the working memory model

37
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

An implicit memories that does not rely on conscious recollection

38
Q

What are some examples of procedural memory?

A

Memory for motor skills such as riding a bike, this is carried out unconsciously

39
Q

What are declarative memories?

A

An explicit memory which can be consciously inspected

40
Q

What are the two types of declarative memories?

A

Semantic and episodic

41
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory of general knowledge, meaningful information is stored but not where or how it was learned

42
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory for life events that we have experience personally, highly emotionally charged memories

43
Q

 What was the case study evidence for separate components of long-term memory?

A

HM had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy his memory was affected dramatically he could recall most memories from before the operation but cannot form new memories (Declarative memories)although he could not recall what he had eaten for breakfast he could acquire the new procedural memories (learnt to play tennis)

44
Q

What is the interference theory?

A

When new memories disrupt the recall of old ones or old memories disrupt the recall of new memories

45
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When old memories distract the recall of new memories
(If you previously learnt Spanish and now having difficulty learning french)

46
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Later learning interferes with early learning
(You remember your present phone number but cannot now remember your old one)

47
Q

What study is evidence that interference causes forgetting?

A

Baddeley & Hitch, investigated the effects on interference I knew at the time elapsed between learning and recall in every day life

Rugby players were asked to recall the names of the teams they had played earlier in the season, Some players had missed games through injury, Players who did played the most games showed the most forgetting (Timelapse Loanhead little influence on the levels of forgetting)

This supports the view that forgetting was due to interference rather than the decay in every day life

48
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

When memory stored but cannot be accessed due to the associated cues not being present at the time of recall

49
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

It states that if a queue is to help us retrieve information it must be present when learning and when recalled

50
Q

What is study investigates for the cues from the environment affect recall?

A

Tuvling and Pearlstone,
Participants were given 48 words with 12 catorgy titles, Participants asked to learn words and attempt to memorise. One group was given the category titles, the other no titles and then was asked to recall the words. The group with the titles overall did better at remembering as they had titles which acted as cues.

51
Q

What is context dependent forgetting?

A

When the context acts as a cue

52
Q

What is state dependent forgetting?

A

When are mood acts as a cue

53
Q

What is an eyewitness testimony?

A

The ability of people to remember details of an event such as accidents or crimes that they have observed

54
Q

What is schema?

A

And organise knowledge beliefs or feelings about an aspect of the world that influence our memory

55
Q

What is confabulation?

A

The process of adjusting memories to fit with expectations, beliefs and stereotypes

56
Q

What are leading questions?

A

A question is phrased so that suggests a certain answer

57
Q

What study shows that leading questions affect immediate recall of an event?

A

Loftus and Palmer showed participants a film of a car crash and ask them to describe what happened

One group of participants were asked ‘how fast because we’re going when they hit each other’
Another group participants were asked ‘how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other’
Other groups verbs changed to ‘collided ‘bumped’ and ‘contacted’

The verb changed the participants answers, The harsher of the verb the faster the speed of the cars


58
Q

What is the issue with post event discussion?

A

Wanker witnesses describe a crime with each other the eyewitness testimonies may become contaminated

59
Q

What is study supports that post event discussion is true?

A

Gabbert, Study participants in pairs. Both participants watched the same scene of a crime from a different angle so that each participant could see different details of the event both participants discussed that they had seen and then individually completed a test of recall. 71% of participants recall details of the event that they cannot have seen from the video but had learned in discussion

60
Q

What is the effect of leading questions on the reliability of EWT?

A

Leading questions cause the eyewitnesses train of thought to differ as a process the information in the question and make the answer better suited to the question giving a false truth of their memory

61
Q

What is the effect of the post event discussion on the reliability of EWT?

A

. post event discussion between co witnesses causes memories to be contaminated and possibly retain false information make an eyewitness testimony not fully factual

62
Q

Explain the response bias explanation

A

Wording of the question doesn’t affect the witnesses memory but instead how they answer the question

63
Q

Explain the substitution explanation

A

The wording of the question waters their memory

Psychology (6 decks)

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