Approaches in psychology- COGNITIVE APPROACH

Question 1

When was the first cognitive school founded ?

Answer 1

1959

Question 2

What did the founding of the first cognitive school develop ?

Answer 2

The start of cognitive psychology movement which is a major force in psychology

Question 3

In the cognitive approach what is said to influence our behaviour ?

Answer 3

Thought processes

Question 4

Who does the cognitive approach criticise and why?

Answer 4

Wundt as it says introspection to too objective

Question 5

What is the basic assumptions in psychology?

Answer 5

Scientifically is how thought processes should be studied
Introspection is too unscientific + well controlled lab studies can investigate what we are thinking
Our mind works similar to a computer in that it has input from senses which are then processed + outputs are produced i.e language or specific behaviours
Stimulus + response is inappropriate but only if the thought processes that occur between the stimulus + response are acknowledged

Question 6

Explain the basic assumption of the cognitive approach that it is a direct criticism of behaviourism

Answer 6

It is said that ‘stimulus + response is inappropriate but only if the thought processes that occur between the stimulus + response are acknowledged’

Behaviourist -> skinner said that stimulus produces response

Cognitive -> says there is an organism in-inbetween:

S-O-R = stimulus - organism - response

Question 7

What is it called when the cognitive psychologists endeavour to work out what thought processes are occurring from the behaviour an experiment elicits ? explain

Answer 7

Study of internal mental processes

Apply the scientific method + have worked out some ingenious way in which to examine thought

Even though we as humans are aware of our thought processes, there is time when we are unaware of our thought processes which led to us doing a certain thing

Question 8

In the study of internal mental processes what are the experimental conditions used by the cognitive psychologists for ?

Answer 8

Understanding the situations where we can carry our behaviour, that we are unaware of what thoughts led us to behave in that certain way

Question 9

What is the study of internal mental processes ?

Answer 9

When cognitive psychologists aim to work out what thought processes are occurring from the behaviour an experiment elicts. Scientific methods are applied and have worked out ingenious ways to examine thoughts.

They are also used to discover and understand the times where we are unaware of the thoughts that led us to carry out a certain behaviour

Question 10

Who carried out Gorillas in our Midst experiment in 1999/

Answer 10

Simons + Chablis

Question 11

What is the Gorillas in our Midst experiment a classic example of?

Answer 11

Cognitive experiment designed to test the processes of perception and how they differ from person to person

Question 12

What was Simons + chablis’ aim ?

Answer 12

See how much individuals could be unaware of in their visual field

Would focusing attention on a task mean that other info could be missed

To test what is missed in a dynamic moving scene as previous research had focused on static stimuli

Question 13

What were the results of Simons + chablis’ experiment ?

Answer 13

Of the amount of people who noticed the gorilla was 54%

When the task got harder less people noticed

Question 14

What is the conclusion of the research carried out in 1999 by Simon + chablis ?

Answer 14

Due to inattention we miss much of what we see in our visual field

Question 15

Evaluate the Gorillas in our Midst experiment ?

Answer 15

Highly reliable -> as experiment has been repeated many times + same results have been found.

Lacks ecological validity -> not everyday scenarios

Question 16

Define a schema?

Answer 16

A unit of knowledge that we hold about the world

Formed through experiences and they help us to understand + predict that world around us

Question 17

What is the role of a schema ?

Answer 17

Each individual has a different schema due to everyone having unique experiences
So the way in which each individual sees the world depends on what they have/ haven’t experienced
Our schemas mean we have our own version of reality so people who say we all see things the same our wrong

Question 18

How do schemas differ ?

Answer 18

Cultural effect in that people from the same cultures form similar schemas due to shared experiences but the schemas we as individuals form is dictated from persona experiences

Question 19

Who carried out the experiment into schemas ?

Answer 19

Bartlett in 1932

Question 20

What is the meaning of interference ?

Answer 20

Where assumptions are made by mental processes from these theoretical + computational models

Question 21

What doe theoretical + computational models allow us to do ?

Answer 21

Make interferences about mental processes

Question 22

Why were theoretical models devised ?

Answer 22

To explain how information passes through multi-store model -> there are a series of steps in the MSM that illustrates how memory goes from sensory inputs to LTM.
Also how memories are forgotten in the process/ how they pass on to the next stage

Question 23

Explain the information processing model

Answer 23

The way cognitive psychologists apply the idea of computational models to human mind + draw similarities between the 2

Three stage process -> argued to explain behaviour
Strong influence today

Inputs -> processing -> outputs

Inputs- from environment via senses + enclosed by individuals
Processing - when info has been encoded
Output - behavioural response

Question 24

What is cognitive neuroscience a discipline of ?

Answer 24

Cognitive psychology
Science
Neuroscience

Question 25

Explain how cognitive neuroscience has emerged ?

Answer 25

As technology has advanced, discipline emerged -> ability to investigate Brin has advanced.

Question 26

Who used cognitive neuroscience ?

Answer 26

Miller + Gazzangia

Question 27

what are the strengths of the cognitive approach ?

Answer 27

Thought process + their influence on behaviour are thought about
Scientific -> experimental methods used
Good description of what processes occur have been produced which inform treatment

Question 28

What are the limitations of the cognitive approach ?

Answer 28

Lack ecological validity -> thought processes measured could be argued to be artificial
Over simplifies complex processes using model
Referring people to computers is a big criticism as they are saying we are mechanistic + lacking for will