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psychology. > Approaches in psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is significant about Wilhelm Wundt?

A

He established psychology as a science in a laboratory, he called himself a psychologist

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2
Q

What is introspection?

A

Introspection involves reflection on your own conscience and reporting present experiences

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3
Q

How might introspection be tested?

A

Through displaying an object and analysing their reactions and sensations

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4
Q

What assumption is made of classical conditioning?

A

That behaviour is acquired through learning and association

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5
Q

Who is the key theorist for classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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6
Q

What is Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Food presentation and salivation. The bell was the neutral stimuli

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7
Q

Before conditioning

A

UCS = UCR

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8
Q

During conditioning

A

UCS + NS = UCR

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9
Q

After conditioning

A

CS = CR

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10
Q

What is contiguity?

A

The presentation of one stimuli with another

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11
Q

Who is the key theorist for operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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12
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A way of learning through positive and negative consequences

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13
Q

How did Skinner study positive reinforcement?

A
  • Rat in box
  • As rat moved it would accidentally hit lever
  • This released pellet of food

After multiple times the rat knew to go straight for the lever

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14
Q

How did Skinner study negative reinforcement?

A
  • Rat in box
  • Electric current passed through causing discomfort
  • Lever switched off current

Rat learned to go straight for lever

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15
Q

What are 3 strengths of CC and OP conditioning?

A
  • use of empirical and experimental methods
  • CC has led to the development of therapies
  • OP is used as a behavior modification technique (schools etc.)
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16
Q

What is a weakness of CC and OP conditioning?

A

The use of animals in research is not good because different species have different survival needs. Humans have consciousness and free will so they have the ability to resist conditioning

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17
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Bandura believed that behavior was not only acquired through direct experience but through observation and imitation of others

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18
Q

What is a live model in the SLT?

A

Might be a parent, teacher etc.

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19
Q

What is a symbolic model in the SLT?

A

Someone portrayed in media

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20
Q

When is the SLT more effective?

A

When observers identify with the model

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21
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning that is not a direct reinforcement of behavior, but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

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22
Q

What is meant by the meditational process?

A

Internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response from the individual to those stimuli

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23
Q

What experiment did Bandura use to show the social learning theory?

A

(Bobo doll)
Children who observed aggressive and non-aggressive adult models and were then tested for imitative learning in the absence of the model

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24
Q

What is a strength of the social learning theory?

A

Useful applications such as criminal behavior.

Criminal behavior might increase when exposed to models who show this

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25
Q

What is a limitation of the social learning theory?

A

Disregards other potential influences on behavior

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26
Q

What is the biological approach to psychology?

A

Assuming that human behaviour can be explained by recognising that psychological was first biological. It is the concept that the ‘mind’ resides in the brain so thoughts, feelings and behaviour ultimately have a physical basis

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27
Q

What are 2 strengths of the biological approach?

A
  • Empirical and scientific methods so results are often reliable
  • Helped to find treatments for a variety of psychological disorders
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28
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of the biological approach?

A
  • Disregards other influences
  • Characteristics could be copied from parents through SLT not genetics
  • Problems w evolution as an explanation
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29
Q

What is the genotype? (Biological approach)

A

The genetic code that is written in the DNA of individual cells

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30
Q

What is the phenotype? (Biological approach)

A

The physical appearance and expression of genes in behavior that results from inheritance

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31
Q

What might happen if people had low levels of serotonin?

A

Display increased aggression

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32
Q

What is serotonin associated with?

A

Maintaining a stable mood

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33
Q

What are the 3 parts to the biological approach?

A
  • Genetic basis
  • Neurochemistry
  • Evolution
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34
Q

How does evolution explain behaviour?

A
  • Organisms become adapted through biological evolution
  • Compete for resources, those who survive reproduce and pass on survival characteristics
  • Women desire mates w resources, men desire young attractive women (Buss, 1989)
35
Q

What is the cognitive approach to psychology?

A

Looking at how people store, perceive, manipulate and interpret information by studying the internal mental processes to understand behaviour

36
Q

What metaphors are often used to describe mental processes in cognitive psychology?

A

Computing metaphors such as ‘encoding’, ‘processing’ and ‘retrieval’

37
Q

How are mental processes studied in cognitive psychology?

A

Mental processes cannot be studied directly - it is studied indirectly by inferring what happens based on an individuals behaviour

38
Q

What is a schema in the cognitive approach?

A

A mental framework in long term memory made up of personal experiences to help organise information in the brain

39
Q

What might we develop from schemas?

A

Stereotypes

40
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Researching and studying the living brain, allowing detailed information about the brains structure involved in the different mental processes

41
Q

What did Burnett (2009) find that supports the cognitive approach?

A

When people feel guilty several brain regions are active including the medial prefrontal cortex and areas associated with social emotions

42
Q

What are 2 key strengths of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Applications (OCD, depression using cognitive based therapy)
  • Scientific (accurate conclusions)
43
Q

What are 3 limitations of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Using computer model isn’t accurate because computers don’t make mistakes or forget things
  • Ignores emotion and motivation
  • Studies lack ecological validity
44
Q

What is the computer model in the cognitive approach?

A

Refers to the process of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition

45
Q

What is the theoretical model in the cognitive approach?

A

Simplified (often pictorial) representations of mental processes based on current research evidence (e.g, msm and wmm)

46
Q

What is the humanistic approach to psychology?

A

Focused on the ideals that we are conscious beings and can evaluate situations in relation to behaviour, personal responsibility and free will

47
Q

What do humanistic psychologists recognise in relation to free will?

A

We have full conscious control over our own destiny and we can make significant personal choices within the boundaries of biological and societal influences

48
Q

What is meant by ‘the self’ or ‘self concept’ in humanistic psychology?

A

Refers to how we perceive ourselves s a person

49
Q

What were the 2 principles that Rogers (1951) found for humanistic psychology?

A
  1. Positive regard from other people

2. Feeling of self worth

50
Q

When do feelings of self worth generally develop and what are they based from? (Humanistic approach)

A

Self worth generally develops in childhood and is formed as a result of the child’s relationship with their parents

51
Q

What did Rogers say about the link between self worth and psychological wellbeing?

A

If we have positive self worth then we are more likely to have good psychological health

52
Q

What is meant by congruence in humanistic psychology?

A

When there is a similarity between a person’s ideal self and how they perceive themselves to be in reality

53
Q

When does incongruence exist in humanistic psychology?

A

When there is a difference between the self and the ideal self

54
Q

What do incongruent people tend to do?

A

Use defence mechanisms so they feel less threatened by inconsistencies between how they would like to be and how they really are

55
Q

Do most people experience a degree of incongruence?

A

Yes

56
Q

How did Rogers believe people could come to terms with their incongruence?

A

Humanistic counselling

57
Q

What is significant about humanistic counselling?

A

Counsellors are empathetic and give positive regard to patients in order to establish a positive and supportive environment - they don’t have conditions of worth

58
Q

What is a benefit of humanistic counselling?

A

Patients can feel comfortable to be honest about themselves instead of behaving in ways they feel other people want them to

59
Q

What is the model linked with humanistic psychology?

A

Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs

60
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

Having to meet standards in order to be worthy of positive regard

61
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

When a person is accepted for who they are and what they do

62
Q

What feelings might a person experience from receiving unconditional positive regard?

A

Good self esteem, congruence, self actualisation

63
Q

What is conditional positive regard and what does this lead to?

A

When a person is accepted only if they do what others want them to do. This leads to developing conditions of worth

64
Q

What feelings might a person experience from developing conditions of worth?

A

Anxiety and depression

65
Q

What are 2 key strengths of the humanistic approach?

A
  1. Many applications to behaviour (Business + H+S)
  2. Research support for conditions of worth (people who create a false self are more likely to become depressed and lose touch w true self)
66
Q

What are 2 limitations of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Lack of experimental evidence to support theories

- Limited and unrealistic view, it is ignorant of pessimistic and self destructive personalities

67
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A 
Oral (0-2)
Anal (2-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latent (6-12)
Genital (12+)
68
Q

What are the 3 components of Freud’s theory about the structure of personality?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

69
Q

What are the 3 types of ego defence mechanisms?

A

Repression
Denial
Displacement

70
Q

What are the 3 components of Freud’s theory about the structure of the mind itself?

A 
Conscious mind (current thinking)
Pre conscious (memory)
Unconscious (taboo,agression etc)
71
Q

What is the id responsible for?

A

Drive mechanisms, pleasure principle and instant gratification

72
Q

What is the ego responsible for?

A

Reality principle, taking environmental demands into account

73
Q

What is the superego responsible for?

A

Moral component of the self

74
Q

What could occur as a result of an individual having a dominant superego?

A

They would become neurotic and anxious

75
Q

What could occur as a result of an individual having a dominant id?

A

They would act immature and be out of touch with reality

76
Q

What is significant of the phallic stage in psychosexual development?

A

The child identifies with father due to castration anxiety

77
Q

What occurs from each of the psychosexual stages?

A

Oral - hunger etc
Anal - potty training
Phallic - castration anxiety
Latent - Develop mastery of world around them
Genital - sexual energy expressed in genital

78
Q

What are 2 strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Freud had a psychological approach rather than biological, it was based on mass observation
  • Theories were confirmed by Fisher and Greenberg (1996) who found support for the existence of unconscious motivation
79
Q

What are 2 limitations of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Gender biased, ignorant of women’s development and sexuality
  • Culture biased, the Western belief that open discussion and insight is helpful in theory is not shared in countries like China
80
Q

What was the assumption made by Freud for the psychodynamic approach?

A

People are born with basic instincts and behaviour is in large part controlled by the unconscious mind

81
Q

How do defence mechanisms work in the psychodynamic approach?

A

They operate unconsciously and work by distorting reality so that anxiety is reduced

82
Q

What is meant by repression?

A

A defence mechanism where the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses

83
Q

What is meant by denial?

A

The refusal to accept reality - the person acts as if the traumatic event has not happened

84
Q

What is meant by displacement?

A

The redirecting of thoughts/feelings in situations where the person feels unable to express them to the person they are directed towards. Instead they may express these feelings on a helpless person or object

psychology. (11 decks)

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