Approaches in psychology Flashcards

Question

Evaluation of Humanistic Approach.

Answer 1

strength; supporting evidence for negative effects of conditions of worth. found that adolescents who experience conditional positive regard are more likely to develop low self esteem. this supports the idea of incongruency when conditional pos regard is experienced by providing empirical evidence. strength; real world application. CCT being developed by rogers. aims to reduce gap between ideal self and perceived self. helps people gain confidence and functional better (socially). limitation; Maslow hierarchy culturally biased. Nevis (1983) found that feeling of belonginess is a more fundamental need in China than physiological needs. shows hierarchy does not fit for everyone depending on culture (lacking generalisability) therefore needs to be amended. limitation; uses methods of research that cannot be tested. research is not scientific nor replicable. therefore findings may lack validity and research isn't reliable, therefore not being able to be applied to a population equally.

Answer 2

behaviour is acquired through learning and that we are born as blank slates. behavioural psychologists are only interested in observable events (stimulus and response)

Answer 3

classical conditioning is learning a behaviour through association. Pavlov's dog- BEFORE CONDITIONING Food(UCS)= Salivation (UCR) Bell (NS)= No salivation (NCR) DURING CONDITIONING Food(UCS)+Bell(NS)= Salivation (UCR) AFTER CONDITIONING Bell (CS)= Salivation (CR)

Answer 4

operant conditioning is learning through consequence (voluntary behaviour in response to a stimulus) punishment- when the behaviour is followed by an unpleasant response, therefore less likely to be repeated. positive reinforcement- when the behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence and is therefore more likely to be repeated. negative reinforcement- when the behaviour is followed by the removal of a not nice response (adverse) so therefore more likely to be repeated. Skinners rats pressing the lever releases food= positive reinforcement pressing the button stops the electric shocks= negative reinforcement (removal of adverse consequence)

Answer 5

strength; real life applications- treatment of phobias. classical conditioning has led to the development of systematic desensitisation (replacing the fear stimulus with a new response rather than anxiety such as relaxation). Helps return to normal functioning etc. limitation; use of animal studies (non-human animals) TMB may not be representative of human behaviour, we are more complex than animals. difficult to generalise. limitation; behaviourist approach ignores other psychological explanations. Ignores cog & emotional factors, reducing humans to a product of conditioning. other psychologists state that human interaction is far more important than stimulus-reinforcement relationship. limitation; deterministic. states that all behaviour is learnt , therefore focuses on past experiences only. TMB it leaves no room to suggest that behaviour is simply a reaction to the environment.

Answer 6

- learning through observation and imitation, usually from a role model. - models - imitation (mediational processes -ARRM) - bandura- bobo doll

Answer 7

- model likely to be chosen if we identify with them (share similar characteristics or traits with them) - can also identify with them in terms of age or gender - models usually influential people (celebs) - role model does not need to be present at time of behaviour being demonstrated

Answer 8

- model identified in order to imitate Process of imitation; - Attention; to what extent the behaviour is noticed - Retention; how well the behaviour is remembered - Reproduction; how able the observer is able to repeat the behaviour - Motivation; consequences of behaviour (punished or rewarded) Vicarious reinforcement - seeing someone get rewarded for a specific behaviour makes the behaviour more likely to be imitated (on our behalf) as the reward is also expected.

Answer 9

- observed behaviour of children after watching adults act aggressively towards the doll. - all children acted aggressively after watching adult displaying same behaviour. - imitation was at it's highest when child was of the same sex as 'model'

Answer 10

strength; has research support, Bandura bobo doll- imitation was more likely if children were same gender. supports the role of identification of role models. Adding validity. strength; SLT has useful applications, Akers (1998) found criminals were more likely to commit crimes if exposed to role models who also do, particularly if their behaviour is rewarded. TMB it helps us understand why young people commit crimes, can be used for intervention, reduction of crime. limitation; issue with causality. McCormick & Siegel (2006) found that people with deviant behaviours were drawn to more deviant role models. TMB hard to determine weather behaviour is a result of learning behaviour from role model, own personality or biological factors. lacks validity limitation (Bobo doll); evidence based off of a lab study. demand characteristics (children may feel as though they have to replicate the behaviour as being recorded for an experiment). Artificial, tells us little about how children actually behave, lacking validity and may not explain behaviour (learning at all)