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Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context

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2
Q

Who originated psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

What did wilhelm wundt do?

A

He opened the first lab dedicated to psychology
His approach to psychology was to study the structure of the kind by breaking down behaviours into basic elements

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4
Q

What did wilhelm wundt do?

A

He opened the first lab dedicated to psychology
His approach to psychology was to study the structure of the kind by breaking down behaviours into basic elements

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5
Q

What is introspection?

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations

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6
Q

How did Wundt use introspection?

A

Involving people looking into their own mental and emotional states to gain knowledge about themselves.
He was the first attempt to systematically and experimentally study the mind
He used many methods that are regarded as scientific today

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7
Q

What is a strength of wundts work?

A

Some of his methods were scientific eg. He had strict controlled conditions that could be replicated

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8
Q

What is a strength of wundts work?

A

It paved the way for future research eg. Introspection was and is used as inspiration for the cognitive approach

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9
Q

What is a limitation of introspection?

A

It focuses on non observable behaviour eg. Looks at thoughts and processes in the mind that are invisible

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10
Q

What is a limitation of introspection?

A

Is lacks accuracy eg. Psychologists have found we have little knowledge of what causes or contributes to our behaviours and beliefs

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11
Q

Who criticised introspection and why?

A

Watson because he thought it was too subjective as it invoked measuring concepts that could not be seen and varied.
He believed a truly scientific psychology should restrict itself to a phenomenon that is observed and measured

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12
Q

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

A

•The unconscious mind is thought to drive behaviour
•Instincts are thought to motivate behaviour
•Early childhood experiences are extremely important in making us who we are

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13
Q

What did Freud say about the unconscious mind?

A

He argued the part of the mind we know about and are aware of us the conscious mind
He said most of the mind is the unconscious, this is the part we are unaware of but everyday action is thought to be controlled by this

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14
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

They distort reality to reduce anxiety
This is because anxiety weakens the ego and means it cannot mediate between the Id and superego

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15
Q

What is repression?

A

The blocking of an unpleasant memory
Eg. Pretending that someone didn’t die

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16
Q

What is denial?

A

The refusal to accept reality
Eg. Got fired but still turn up to work

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17
Q

What is displacement?

A

Redirecting of emotions into other objects and people
Eg. Slamming the door after an argument

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18
Q

How is the unconscious mind explained with an iceberg model?

A

conscious mind - the tip of the iceberg that we can see
preconscious mind - the part of the iceberg you can see if you look into the water
unconscious mind - the part of the iceberg that is under water

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19
Q

What can be used to describe the structure of personality?

A

Tripartite system as is is split into three parts that demand gratification but are frequently in contact with each other

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20
Q

What is the id?

A

The primitive part of personality
It is present at birth and forms up to 18 months
It operates on the pleasure principle (it gets what it wants)
It is entirely selfish and demand instant gratification

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21
Q

What is the Ego?

A

It develops between 18 months and 3 years
It operates on the reality principle and is the mediator between the id and superego
It’s role is to reduce the conflict between the demands of the id and superego
It does this through defence mechanisms

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22
Q

What is the superego?

A

It is out internalised sense of right and wrong
It develops between 3 and 6 years
It operates on the mortality principle- it represents what is right and wrong
It strives for the ego ideal

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23
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

The focus of pleasure is the mouth eg. The mothers breast
It is from 0-1 years
Consequence of unresolved conflict = oral fixation

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24
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

The focus of pleasure is the anus, pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces
It is from 1-3 years
Consequence of unresolved conflict= anal retentive or anal expulsive

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25
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

The focus of pleasure is the genital area, child experiences Oedipus or electra complex
It is from 3-5 years
Consequence of unresolved conflict = phallic personality

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26
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

A boy has sexual desires for his mother so what’s to get rid of the rival (his dad)
The boy fears his dad will find out about this and would castrate him
The boy then copy’s the dads behaviour to resolve this problem

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27
Q

What is the electra complex?

A

A girl has sexual desire for her father but realises she doesn’t have a penis
The girl resolves this but repressing her desire of a penis by replacing it with the desire for a child
The girl blames this feeling upon her mother and this creates tension
The girl then represses the feelings to remove the tension and identifies with the mother to take on the female role

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28
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

The earlier conflicts are repressed

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29
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty
Consequence of unresolved conflict = difficulty forming straight relationships

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30
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

Instincts drive out unconscious mind so dictate the stages we experience
The underlying drive is sexual.
This comes from the release of the build up of tension due to the build up of sexual energy.
Each stage is marked by a different conflict the child must resolve in order to process to the next stage.

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31
Q

What is a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has had a huge influence on psychology eg. It had been used to influence personality disorders using the tripartite system

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32
Q

What is a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has practical application eg. It has lead to dream analysis

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33
Q

What is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has been criticised eg. The little hans case study used to study Oedipus complex cannot be generalised

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34
Q

What is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It is unfalsifiable eg. It is not a measurable object and is invisible

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35
Q

What is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?

A

It is deterministic eg. A child with a repressed memory will have depression

36
Q

What are assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

• All behaviour is learnt from experience “tabular rasa”
• It is only interested in studying behaviour that can be observed and measured
• It uses lab experiments
• The basic processes that govern learning are the same in all species

37
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association
It occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together

38
Q

Who first demonstrated classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov using his dogs
He realised dogs could be conditioned so salivate to the sound of a bell
If the sound of a bell was repeatedly presented at the same time they were given food
Gradually the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food

39
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reinforcement
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequence

40
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
Eg. Full marks on a test gets a sweet

41
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus that would be viewed as a punishment
Eg. Being told if you don’t hand your homework in you get a detention so handing it in to avoid the detention

42
Q

Who studied operant conditioning?

A

Skinner and his rats
Positive reinforcement was investigated by rewarding the rat with a food pellet if it pressed a lever, the rat would then press the lever repeatedly to recieve food
Negative reinforcement was investigated by electrocuting the floor until the lever was pressed, the rat would continue to press the lever to avoid the electrocution

43
Q

What is GRAVE for Pavlov’s study?

A

G: Little Albert white rabbit study
R: Viewed as excellent research
A: Phobia therapy
V: He had full control
E: Use of animals is unethical

44
Q

What is GRAVE for Skinners study?

A

G: Yes. Just with caution
R: Viewed as excellent research
A: Commercial settings, Gregg points
V: He established a cause and effect
E: Use of animals is unethical

45
Q

What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

A

It has scientific credibility eg. It has brought language and methods of natural sciences to psychology

46
Q

What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

A

Has real life applications eg. Phobia therapy

47
Q

What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

A

Can be used to explain how psychological problems develop eg. Phobias

48
Q

What is a limitation of the behaviourist approach?

A

It is highly deterministic eg. Environmentally

49
Q

What is a limitation of the behaviourist approach?

A

It has ethical issues in using animals eg. Pavlov used dogs and skinner used rats

50
Q

What is a limitation of the behaviourist approach?

A

Animals and humans may behave differently eg. Has to be taken with caution

51
Q

What is a limitation of the behaviourist approach?

A

Animals and humans may behave differently eg. Has to be taken with caution

52
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors

53
Q

What are assumptions of the social learning theory?

A

•Behaviour is learnt from the environment
•In SLT there must be a role model for and observer to watch, these provide examples of behaviour
•Imitation is dependent on the reinforcement

54
Q

What are mediational processes?

A

Cognitive factors which bridge the gap between learning and cognitive theories

55
Q

What are the mediational processes that are the learning of behaviour?

A

Attention: the extent to which we notice behaviours
Retention: how well the behaviour is remembered
for the behaviour to be remembered there must be a role model that the individual identifies with

56
Q

What are the mediational processes that are the performance of behaviour?

A

Reproduction: the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
Motivation: the will the perform the behaviour, often determined on whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished

57
Q

What did Bandura do?

A

Demonstrated that aggression can be learned through modelling
He done this by using a group of 72 children split into girls and boys who observed an adult hitting a “bobo doll” and an adult who played quietly with Lego
When the children were left alone those who saw the aggressive adult imitated these acts while on their own

58
Q

What is GRAVE for Bandura?

A

G: both boys and girls
R: controlled conditions
A: used in parenting skills
V: could be demand characteristics
E: aggression in children. Concent?

59
Q

What is a strength of the SLT?

A

Provided more detailed explanation of human behaviour eg. Recognises mediational processes

60
Q

What is a strength of the SLT?

A

Helps to explain cultural differences in behaviour eg. Can explain how children understand their gender roles and how this differs

61
Q

What is a limitation of the SLT?

A

It over relies on lab studies eg. Demand characteristics could have changed results

62
Q

What is a limitation of the SLT?

A

Underestimates biological factors eg. Bandura shoes boys were more aggressive regardless of experiment

63
Q

What is a limitation of the SLT?

A

Less deterministic than behaviourist approach eg. Skinner and behaviourists rejected the notion of free will

64
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

• The mind actively processes information from our senses
• It argues that internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically
• Mediational processes occur between stimulus and response
• Humans are information processors and resemble computers

65
Q

What are schemas?

A

A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain
They are learnt through experience and help individuals to respond to objects appropriately
They allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting large amounts of information
However, they can lead to perceptual errors and stereotypes.

66
Q

What are theoretical models?

A

They are models that suggest information flows through a sequence of stages that include input storage and retrieval
Computer models refer to the human mind imitating a computer
They help psychologists to test whether their ideas about information processing are correct

67
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

A fusion of the cognitive approach and biology
It is the scientific study of the influences of brain structure on mental processes

68
Q

What is a strength of the cognitive approach?

A

It is highly scientific and objective eg. It uses lab experiments to produce reliable and objective behaviour

69
Q

What is a strength of the cognitive approach?

A

It has been used to treat psychological disorders eg. The treatment or early recognition of ADHD

70
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

A

It has been criticised for being machine reductionist eg. It ignores other influences on human cognition like biology or the environment

71
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

A

It is difficult to apply it to everyday life eg. Inferences about cognitive processes involves subjective judgement and often uses artificial stimuli

72
Q

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

A

• Everything psychological is first biological, to fully understand behaviour we must look at biological structures
• The mind moves in the brain therefore all thoughts feelings and behaviour ultimately have a physical basis
• This is in direct contrast with the cognitive approach

73
Q

How do genes influence behaviour?

A

They are inherited from one generation to the next and carry instructions for a particular characteristic
They develop partly due to the gene and partly due to the environment

74
Q

How do behaviour geneticists study inheritance?

A

They use twins as the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis is determined by comparing concordance rates between twins.

75
Q

How do the genotype and phenotype differ?

A

The genotype is the genetic code in the DNA and the phenotype is the physical appearance that results from the inherited information
The phenotype demonstrates that much of human behaviour depends upon an interaction between inherited factors and the environment

76
Q

How does evolution link to the biological approach?

A

The main principle of natural selection, that any genetically determined behaviour enhances an individual’s survival, occurs simply because some traits give the possessor a certain advantage
Biological psychologists are particularly interested in human behaviours that are innate and why they have evolved in humans

77
Q

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

• Humanistic psychologists reject scientific methods that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour
• This is because we are “active agents” so we are all unique
• It emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination

78
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

A five levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs such as hunger must be satisfied before higher psychological needs such as self esteem and self actualisation can be achieved

79
Q

What are the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs: food, water oxygen
Safety: security, protection, stability
Love: need for friends,intimate relationships
Esteem: self respect, status, recognition
Self actualisation: realising full potential

80
Q

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs work?

A

All four lower levels of the hierarchy must be met before and individual can work towards self actualisation and fulfil their full potential

81
Q

What is self congruence?

A

When self concept and the ideal self are seen to broadly match, it is the aim of Rogerian therapy
Rogers argued self congruence for personal growth to be achieved
If the gap is too big the person will experience a state of incongruence and self actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings

82
Q

What is a strength of the humanistic approach?

A

It had been praised for “bringing the person back into psychology” eg. Freud saw humans as slaves of their pasts

83
Q

What is a strength of the humanistic approach?

A

It rejects any attempt to reductionise behaviour eg. It is a holistic method as it studies behaviour as an indivisible system as a whole

84
Q

What is a limitation of the humanistic approach?

A

Includes vague ideas eg. Measuring what stage a person is at in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is difficult

85
Q

What is a limitation of the humanistic approach?

A

Has little real world application eg. The approach had limited impact as a whole

Psychology Paper 2 (6 decks)

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