Approaches

Question 1

What are the 6 approaches?

Answer 1

• SLT
• Behaviourist
• Humanistic
• Biological
• Psychodynamic
• Cognitive

Question 2

Outline SLT

Answer 2

• ARMM (Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, Motivation)
• Vicarious reinforcement
• Pay attention to the actions of others and the consequences of these actions, and decide whether or not to replicate them.
• Role models have a greater influence.

Question 3

Outline the Behaviourist approach

Answer 3

• Born as a tablua rasa
• New behaviour is learnt through conditioning (Classical/Operant) (Pavlov/Skinner)

Question 4

Outline the cognitive approach

Answer 4

• How we perceive, store, manipulate and interpret info
• Input, Processing, Output
• Schemas

Question 5

Outline the Humanistic approach

Answer 5

• Hierarchy of needs
• People have free will
• Looks as what is right about people
• Emphasises the importance of individuals striving towards personal growth and fulfilment
• Congruence with ideal self

Question 6

Outline the Biological approach

Answer 6

• Behaviour is biological and can be linked to genotypes
• Uses animal studies and twin studies
• Uses brain scans

Question 7

Outline the Psychodynamic approach

Answer 7

• Id, Superego, Ego
• Oedipus and electra complex
• Oral, Anal Phallic, Latency, Genetialia stages

Question 8

What are the 5 stages in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 8

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Gental

Question 9

What is the Oedipus complex?

Answer 9

• Boy in love with mum
• Scared dad will find out and castrate him
• Boy identifies with dad and internalises his super ego

Question 10

List (Bottom - Top) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 10

(Bottom) Physiological needs, Safety/Security, Love and belonging, Self esteem, Self actualisation (Top)

Question 11

What is the difference between Phenotype and Genotype?

Answer 11

Phenotype- The way in which Genes are physically expressed.
Genotype- The physical genes

Question 12

What is a schema?

Answer 12

A schema is a mental process where a person can quickly interpret new information based on existing knowledge of the world, allowing us to quickly interpret new information based on existing knowlidge.

Question 13

What is a positive result of schemas?

Answer 13

Allow us to interpret new information quickly without getting overwhelmed.

Question 14

What is a negative result of schemas?

Answer 14

Distort are interpretations leading to judgement bias or irrational thinking.

Question 15

How did Bandura investigate SLT?

Answer 15

The Bobo doll study
- 72 children split into 2 groups of 24
- One group shown aggressive role model, one group shown non-aggressive role model, one group shown no role model
- See how they play with toys
- Observed what role models were most effective

Question 16

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 16

Learning through the consequences of behaviour (Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment).

Question 17

What ages do the Id, Ego and Superego develop?

Answer 17

Id (Birth) Ego (2-3years) Superego (5 years)

Question 18

What are the 3 Psychodynamic defence mechanisms?

Answer 18

Repression, Displacement, Denial.

Question 19

What is incongruence in the humanistic approach?

Answer 19

Their perceived self is not the same or similar to their ideal self. This is necessary to achieve self-actualisation.

Question 20

Define Vicarious reinforcement.

Answer 20

When we watch someone complete an action and access the consequences to make a decision whether or not we wish to replicate this action.