approaches Flashcards
1
Q
What are the five different approaches?
A
- learning approach
- cognitive approach
- biological approach
- psychodynamic approach
- humanistic approach
(+ comparison of approaches)
2
Q
What was Wundt’s nickname?
A
‘father of psychology’
3
Q
What research method became the preferred way of studying behaviour because of Wundt?
A
Experimental psychology e.g. the laboratory experiments as a preferred way of studying human behaviour.
4
Q
When and where did Wundt set up the first psychology laboratory?
A
‘The institute of experimental psychology’ was set up in Leipzig, Germany, in the 1870s.
5
Q
What did Wundt believe about how the human mind could be studied?
A
it could be studied scientifically using controlled, objective research.
6
Q
Wundt’s work paved the way for a more scientific approach that studies mental processes. Which one?
A
cognitive psychology
7
Q
What is structuralism?
A
Breaking down behaviours such as sensation into their basic elements.
8
Q
What is introspection?
A
A systematic analysis of our own conscious experience of a stimulus.
9
Q
What would participants do in an introspective study?
A
Focus on an everyday object and look inwards to analyse it in its component parts, breaking their thought process down systematically, which allowed general theories about perception to be created.
10
Q
How was Wundt as scientific as possible?
A
using controlled stimuli, objective (standardised) procedure, and being replicable.
11
Q
What is one strength of Wundt?
A
His controlled methods - all the introspection were recorded under strictly controlled conditions using the same stimulus every time. The use of standardised instructions makes the process more internally valid.
12
Q
What did Wundt using controlled methods mean his studies had?
A
High replicability
13
Q
Are Wundt’s methods still used today?
A
yes - Griffiths (1994) used introspection to study the internal mental processes of fruit machine gamblers, asking them to ‘speak aloud’ about their thoughts into a mic while playing.
14
Q
What was a weakness of Wundt’s work to do with its subjectivity?
A
Because the data varied from person to person, it was difficult to establish general principles, and results were not reliably reproducible, so invalid.
15
Q
What was Watson’s critique of introspection?
A
it is too focused on private mental processes, which cannot be objectively observed, so is not scientific.
16
Q
What approach did Watson establish?
A
Behaviourist psychology
17
Q
What were the two fundamental idea of the behaviourist approach?
A
- we should only study observable behaviour
- empiricism (all behaviour comes from experience and is not innate)
18
Q
What are the two assumptions of the behaviourist approach
A
- all behaviour is caused (determined) e.g. there is a reason for it
- if behaviour is determined then it should be possible to predict how people will act in different situations (which can be studied using a scientific method)
19
Q
When are methods objective?
A
When researchers do not let their preconceived ideas or biases influence the collection of their data.
20
Q
When are methods systematic?
A
When observations and experiments are carried out in an orderly way.
21
Q
When are results not reliable?
A
When they are not replicable and therefore cannot be accepted as being universally true.
22
Q
What is empiricism?
A
Watson’s suggestion that all behaviour is due to observation and experience alone (i.e. we learn behaviour)
23
Q
what are two strengths of Watson’s scientific psychology?
A
- If scientific methods no longer fit the facts, they can be refined or abandoned, meaning scientific knowledge is self-corrective.
- reliance on objective methods of observation means that the info is based on the scientific method rather than just passive acceptance of facts.
24
Q
What are two weaknesses of Watson’s scientific approach?
A
- reliance on control and objectivity can create artificial environments that tell us little about how people act in real life.
- much of psychological study is unobservable and so can’t be measured with any degree of accuracy, so there will always have to be a gap between data and theory as psychology is so inferential.
25
What are the two ways Behaviourism argues we learn behaviour?
Classical (Pavlov) and Operant (Skinner) conditioning
26
What is classical conditioning?
learning by association - where two stimuli are repeatedly paired together; an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produced the same result that the unconditioned stimulus does.
27
What is operant conditioning?
Where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences e.g. positive/negative reinforcement and punishment.
28
What is positive reinforcement?
receiving praise when a certain behaviour is performed e.g. praise when you raise your hand in class, making it more likely to be repeated.
29
What is negative reinforcement?
When someone avoids something unpleasant (resulting in a positive experience) e.g. handing in homework to avoid being told off, making it more likely to be repeated.
30
What is a punishment?
An unpleasant consequence of your behaviour, for example being told off by your teacher for misbehaving,
31
In the process of classical conditioning, what is the 'before' section?
Neutral stimulus (NS) ------> No response
Unconditioned stimulus (US) ------> Unconditioned Response (UR)
32
In the process of classical conditioning, what is the 'during' section?
Neutral Stimulus (NS) + Unconditioned Stimulus (US) ------> Unconditioned response (UR)
33
In the process of classical conditioning, what is the 'after' section?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) ----> Conditioned Response (CR)
34
In Pavlov's study, what was the NS/CS?
the bell
35
In Pavlov's study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Food
36
In Pavlov's study, what was the UR/CR?
The dog salivating
37
What was Pavlov's procedure?
- moved salivary ducts to outside of dogs mouths, then fed them to see how much they produced.
- realised dogs were anticipating the food an salivating before getting it.
- erected screens so dogs couldn't see when food was coming.
- Introduced an unrelated stimulus (metronome) before giving the dog food, and repeated this multiple times.
38
What did Pavlov find?
- He found that initially dogs salivated when food touched their tongues.
- after a while they associated the metronome with the arrival of food and so salivated at the sound of the metronome.
39
What did Pavlov conclude from his study?
Animals learn via classical conditioning (learning by association) and so the salivation becomes a conditioned response.
40
How can punishment and reinforcement be used in prison?
Give prisoners tokens for positive behaviour, which they can then exchange for tangible rewards. This supports the external validity of behaviourism.
41
What is a skinner box?
An operant conditioning animal chamber used in behavioural psychology used to test hypothesis related to behaviour and learning.
42
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
- when we are born our mind is a blank slate.
- Behaviour is the result of a stimulus-response.
- Psychology is a Science so behaviour must be measured in highly controlled environments (labs)
- All behaviour is learnt from the environment. We learn behaviour from classical or operant conditioning.
-concerned with observable behaviour.
-little difference between learning in humans and in other animals.
43
What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?
Skinner relied on the experimental method, using controlled methods such as the Skinner box (soundproof, no need for human interference) which brought scientific methods and empiricism to psychology, making it more reliable and credible.
44
What is a real world application of the behaviourist approach?
- operant conditioning in prisons, giving out tokens to reward good behaviour which can then be traded for privileges (positive reinforcement).
- classical conditioning for phobias.
45
What supporting evidence is there for the behaviourist approach?
Pavlov (dogs) + Watson and Rayner (little Albert) for classical conditioning.
Skinner (mice) for operant conditioning.
46
What is an example of positive + negative reinforcement with a skinner box?
Positive: Skinner has a lever in the box that when activated by the rat, dispensed a food pellet, and so the rat continued to press it.
Negative: Skinner had a box that gave constant electric shocks until the rat pulled the lever. The rat then continued to pull the lever to avoid the negative consequence of the shock.
47
What is a weakness of the behaviourist approach?
It has been accused of environmental determinism, which ignores any influence free will may have on behaviour suggesting it is all the result of internal or external forces, which can result in people not taking responsibility for their actions, which has ethical implications for criminals and the law, making it not palatable for society.
48
What is a weakness of the behaviourist approach? (mental events)
Ignores the role of other factors in shaping our behaviour, such as mental events, which mediate between stimulus and response and suggest we play a non-passive role in our own learning. This suggests that the learning approach may apply more to animal than to human behaviour.
49
What is a role model?
A person who carries out an attitude or behaviour to be learnt, possessing similar characteristics to the observer or higher status.
50
What is a live model?
A type of model present in our environment e.g. parent.
51
What is a symbolic model?
A type of model present in the media, e.g. celebrities.
52
What is vicarious reinforcement/punishment?
Reinforcement - when you observe a model being praised for their behaviour so want to imitate it.
Punishment - when you see a model being punished for their behaviour so don't want to imitate it.
53
What is identification?
The extent to which an observer relates to the role model e.g. both female.
54
What was the procedure of Bandura et al. (1961)?
- leave child, adult, and toys in room.
- have adult randomly start hitting and kicking the doll and being verbally aggressive 'pow' for ten minutes.
- leave the child alone in the room and see if they repeat the behaviour or not.
- have a control group of kids left with adult playing calming with the bobo doll.
55
What were the results of Bandura et al. (1961)?
- 1/3 of kids imitated the verbally aggressive behaviour they saw, and all the kids repeated the physical violence.
- imitation was closer when gender was the same.
- the control group repeated the behaviour of their adults.
56
How does Bandura et al. (1961) support social learning theory? (using key terms)
The role model in the study is the adult. They are a live model because they are present in the room with the child. The children identify with the adult because they are the same gender (for most of them) or potentially so they're old and so wiser. The role model models the behaviour of either being aggressive towards the bobo doll or playing gently and so the child learns how to do this via observational learning. The adults get rewarded with having fun and so this acts as vicarious reinforcement. Therefore the children imitate by either playing aggressively with the doll or playing gently with it.
57
What are the 4 mediational processes?
- Motivation (the will to perform the behaviour)
- Attention (noticing the behaviour of the person they want to imitate)
- Retention (remembering the behaviour)
- Reproduction (consideration of our own ability to perform the behaviour)
58
What are the mediational processes?
The cognitive processes that occur between stimulus and response that affect whether the learned behaviour is produced.
59
What are the assumptions of SLT?
- behaviour is learned from experience in a social context.
- there are processes between stimulus and response, combining principles from the cognitive and behavioural approach.
- people are active manipulators of their own environment.
-classical and operant conditioning can not account for all human learning.
- We can learn something but choose not to perform it.
- concerned with human rather than animal behaviour.
60
What are two strengths of SLT?
- Uses the experimental method, so has controlled conditions, e.g. the playroom in Bandura's study, which means cause and effect can be studied, giving psychology credibility as a science.
- SLT can explain cultural differences in behaviour, and how children can learn through media, showing how cultural norms are transmitted through society, and also how kids learn gender roles, giving it external validity.
61
What are two weakness of SLT?
- The use of lab studies (Bandura) may lead to demand characteristics, so may have been affected by extraneous variables and therefore do not tell us much about children's aggression in everyday life.
- less focus on biological factors such as boys hormones causing aggression (testosterone) so is not a full explanation.
62
What is the cognitive approach?
- how mental processes (thoughts, attention, perception) affect behaviour, attempting to explain human behaviour through thought processes.
63
What are schema?
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience and all people have them. They will change and develop throughout life.
64
What are models in the cognitive approach?
- illustrations of internal mental processes because they cannot be seen.
65
What is a theoretical model?
A simplified pictorial model of an internal process giving us an analogy of how it works. They might include boxes and arrows to show cause and effect, and are always based on the available evidence.
66
What is a computer model?
The analogy of a computer as a way of representing human cognition, suggesting they process info in a similar way.
67
What do both computer and theoretical models do?
they are used to create theories about internal mental processing which can be then be studied scientifically.
68
What is making an inference?
Going beyond the immediate evidence to make assumptions about processes that cannot be directly observed, so conclusions are drawn indirectly.
69
Why are schemas good?
They help us to process a lot of information quickly which stops us being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli.
70
Why are schemas bad?
- They exclude anything that doesn't fit our established ideas of the world, so we may develop stereotypes that we cannot disconfirm even when there is new evidence.
- They can distort our interpretations of sensory information, leading to perceptual errors.
71
What is cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of the brain/neurological structures, mechanisms, processes, chemistry that are responsible for mental processes.
72
What are applications of cognitive neuroscience?
- Use of scanning to identify different types of memory in different types of the brain leading to treatment for memory problems.
- Use of scanning techniques to study mental processing of patients with depression, autism, OCD etc.
73
What neuroimaging techniques are used in cognitive neuroscience?
Non-invasive ones such as PET and fMRI
74
What did Tulving et al. research about cognitive neuroscience?
different types of LTM (semantic and episodic) may be on different sides of the pre-frontal cortex. The central executive is in a similar area.
75
What is a real world application (strength) of the cognitive approach?
Contributions to AI and treatments such as CBT which aim to change people's thought processes, suggesting that the cognitive approach which underpins them is accurate, external validity.
76
What is a strength of the cognitive approach?
It is considered a scientific approach - uses controlled methods and lab studies e.g. Loftus and Palmer.
77
What is a major limitation of the cognitive approach?
the computer analogy has been criticised as such reductionism removes the effect of human emotion, such as memory being affected by anxiety (Johnson and Scott) m
78
What is another limitation of the cognitive approach?
It involves the use of artificial stimuli such as learning random word lists to make inferences about cognitive processes, so it lacks external validity.
79
What is reductionism?
The belief that behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into its small constituent parts e.g. the brain being like a computer.
80
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
- Emphasises the importance of biological processes in the body e.g. genes, hormones, neurochemistry and the nervous system, which impact our behaviour.
- we can use animal research to explain human behaviour.
- genes affect behaviour and behaviour has evolved
- everything psychological has an innate biological basis
81
What behaviours are caused by biology?
- Aggression (genetics, neurochemistry)
memory (biological structures, prefrontal cortex)
- Anxiety (neurochemistry, genetics, biological structures)
- Autism (genetic)
82
Define genes
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA. This DNA codes the physical (e.g. hair colour) and psychological (e.g. intelligence) features of an organism.
83
what is neurochemistry?
The study of chemical and neural processes that regulate psychological functioning
84
What are biological structures?
An arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing. Areas of the brain.
85
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that travel across the synapse (the gap between neurons) to transmit messages.
86
How can genes influence behaviour?
they carry behavioural characteristics such as intelligence or mental illness, shown to be genetic by twin studies.
87
How can biological structures influence behaviour?
London taxi drivers have larger hippocampus, so hippocampus is involved with spatial navigation.
Research has found that psychopaths have a smaller pre-frontal cortex.
88
What research methods do biological psychologists use?
Animal studies (mice reared alone attack other mice) Scanning techniques (Taxi drivers), lab experiments, cases studies (Phineas Gage iron rod through head (frontal lobe) survived but struggled making rational decisions)
89
What is the procedure for a twin study?
Take monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. If caused by environment, both will have similar levels of thing, but if biological you will see different rates.
90
what is a concordance rate?
the % of twins where both have the characteristic.
91
What is the procedure for an adoption study?
if the cause is genes, the adopted child and their bio parents will share. If the cause is environment, the adopted child and their adoptive parents will share.
92
Are adoption studies or twin studies better?
Adoption studies, because environment and biology can be better separated. Identical twins are treated more similarly than fraternal twins, which skews the results.
93
What is a genotype?
An individuals genetic make-up, so the pre-disposition they have to have a certain characteristic.
94
What is a phenotype?
The observable traits or characteristics shown by an individual which are the result of the genotype combined with the environment.
95
What is a weakness of the biological approach (reductionism)
It is a reductionist approach, as it suggests genes or neurochemistry are the main causes of mental illnesses, so is unlikely to be a full explanation as it leaves out emotional or cultural factors.
96
What are real-world applications of the biological approach?
research into neurochemical imbalances has les to drug treatments for depression which can help correct the imbalance, improving people's lives, external validity.
97
What are the three elements of the tripartite structure of the personality?
Id, Ego and Superego
98
Describe the Id
From birth to 18 months, source of our unconscious desires, operating on the pleasure principle, needs such as hunger thirst and sex. Contains the libido.
99
Describe the Ego
Rational mediator of our minds, develops from 18 months to 3 years, aims to reduce conflict between id and superego. reality principle.
100
Describe the Superego
unconscious conscience which acts on the morality principle, formed from 3 - 6 years. Feels guilt when rules are broken.
101
What is the role of the defence mechanisms?
to unconsciously work to distort reality so that anxiety is reduced.
102
What are the defence mechanisms?
denial (refusal to accept reality) repression (unconscious blocking of thoughts, forced out of conscious mind) and displacement (transferring your emotions from true source of distressing emotion onto substitute target)
103
What are the psychosexual stages?
The oral stage (birth to 18 months, sucking and chewing), the anal stage (18 months to 3 years, pleasure from bladder and sphincter muscles), the phallic stage (3 to 6 years, child attracted to opposite sex parent), the latency stage (sexual desires go dormant), the genital stage (puberty onwards, pleasure from genitals, relating to others in sexual way).
104
What is an Oedipus complex?
Boys develop sexual feeling for their mothers and want to kill their dads, but then get castration anxiety. Resolves by identifying with father and moving sexual desires to other women.
105
What is an Electra complex?
Girls develop penis envy and blame their mothers for removing their penis's, seeing them as a rival for their fathers attention. Resolved by identifying with mother.
106
What is a fixation?
Can happen at any stage as a result of getting too much/too little pleasure from it e.g. stuck at oral stage becomes smoker
107
What research method does the psychodynamic approach rely on?
Case studies
108
What does the psychodynamic approach emphasise?
The importance of relationships with family members and events in our childhood.
109
What is the main idea of the psychodynamic approach?
Our behaviour is caused by unconscious factors largely unknown to us and beyond our control
110
According to the psychodynamic approach how much of the mind does the unconscious take up?
Most of it - the conscious mind is the tip of the iceberg.
111
What does the unconscious contain? (psychdynamic)
repressed ideas and memories, primitive desires, drives, impulses and instincts.
112
What are the two main roles of the unconscious?
- personality and behaviour are caused by unconscious factors out of our control.
- protects the conscious self from fear/anxiety/trauma/conflict.
113
what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
- tripartite structure of personality
- events in childhood and family relationships
- unconscious influence
- inner conflicts of the minds
- emphasises change and development
114
What is supporting research for the psychodynamic approach?
claims tested and supported by scientific methodology, e.g. meta-analysis found support for unconscious motivation in humans as well as defence mechanisms.
115
What is a weakness of the psychodynamic approach?
- Little relevance for those outside western culture who value insight less e.g. in China anxious people avoid the thoughts instead of openly discussing them.
- suffers from hard determinism
116
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs -> safety and security needs -> belonging and love needs -> esteem needs -> (added later) -> cognitive needs -> aesthetic needs -> self-actualisation
117
What did Roger believe?
That personal growth is when someone's concept of self is congruent with their ideal self. Incongruence will lead to negative feelings. This gap can be reduced by developing a more healthy view of yourself.
118
What was Rogers therapy?
aims to provide clients with unconditional positive regard that they failed to receive as children, along with genuineness and empathy. This is due to conditions of worth being placed on them.
119
What was the procedure of Roger's therapy?
be non-directive, encourage discovery of own solutions within a supportive therapeutic atmosphere. Is effective but works best with mild psychological conditions.
120
What are the assumptions of the humanist approach?
Free Will – unlike other determinist approaches, the humanist approach suggests that humans are self-determining and do have free will, and therefore rejects models that try to establish general principles of human behaviour, since we are all unique and our experiences are all subjective.
Self-actualisation – humanistic psychologists regard personal growth as an essential part of being human, but there are psychological barriers which prevent this.
Self – Carl Rogers argued that for personal growth to be achieved, a person's 'self' must have congruence with their ideal self, and if there is too big a gap between them, there will be incongruence. Issues we experience such as poor self-esteem stem from a lack of unconditional positive regard as children, if parents use 'conditions of worth.
Hierarchy of needs – people are only able to move up this by meeting a current need in the sequence, with the primary goal being 'self-actualisation' which is at the top of the pyramid.
121
What are two strengths of the humanistic approach?
- focuses on humans as a whole and doesn't reduce them to component parts like scientific methods do (reductionism)
- A person’s subjective experience and understanding of the world is of greater importance to understanding the person than objective reality – science focuses on empiricism and objectivity.
122
What are the assumptions of the humanist approach?
- each person is unique and good
- each person can fulfil their potential through self-actualisation.
- emphasises personal growth and fulfilment
- rejects scientific models and focuses of subjective experience in a person centred approach.
- We have free will and are active agents in our environment.
123
What is a real world application of the humanist approach?
Limited real world application apart from Rogerian therapy, perhaps because of a lack of sound evidence base.
124
What is a strength of the humanist approach?
It promotes a positive image of the human condition compared to other psychologists such as Freud. This makes it an optimistic and refreshing approach.
125
What is a weakness of the humanist approach?
It includes a number of ideas that are vague and hard to test, such as self-actualisation, so because it lacks empirical evidence it is less scientifically credible.
126
What is reciprocal determinism?
a person’s behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
126
What is reciprocal determinism?
a person’s behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
127
What is psychic determinism?
Behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
128
What is biological determinism?
Behaviour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control.
129
Which approaches are positively commited to science?
- Behaviourism
- SLT
- The cognitive approach
- The biological approach
130
Which approaches are not positively committed to science?
- the psychodynamic approach
- the humanistic approach
131
Which approaches are a mix of nature and nurture?
- humanistic
- psychodynamic
- cognitive
-SLT (more nurture)
132
Which approaches are soft determinism?
- The cognitive approach
-SLT
133
Which approaches are hard determinism?
- Biological
- Psychodynamic
- Behaviourist
134
Which approaches have therapies/treatments?
- Cognitive
- behaviourism
- biological
- psychodynamic
- humanistic
135
Which approaches are reductionist?
- Cognitive
- behaviourism
- biological
136
What are the differences between behaviourism and SLT?
- Behaviourism is hard determinism while SLT is soft determinism
- Behaviourism is more positively committed to science
- Behaviourism is more nurture than SLT
- Behaviourism has more useful treatments for illnesses
137
What are the differences between behaviourism and the cognitive approach?
- Behaviourism is soft determinism, whereas the cognitive approach is hard determinism.
-Behaviourism is reductionism, whereas the cog approach is machine reductionism.
- Behaviourism is more positively committed to science.
- Behavioursim is nurture
137
What are the differences between behaviourism and the cognitive approach?
- Behaviourism is soft determinism, whereas the cognitive approach is hard determinism.
-Behaviourism is reductionism, whereas the cog approach is machine reductionism.
- Behaviourism is more positively committed to science.
- Behaviourism is nurture whereas cognitive approach is nature and nurture.
138
What are the differences between behaviourism and the biological approach?
- Different types of hard determinism; environmental vs. behavioural.
- Behaviourist approach is nurture, biological approach is mostly nature.
139
What are the differences between behaviourism and the psychodynamic approach?
- behaviourism is environmental determinism, psychodynamic is psychic determinism.
-Behaviourism is more positively committed to science, psychodynamic is mixed commitment.
- Behaviourism has more useful treatment for illnesses.
140
What are the differences between behaviourism and the humanistic approach?
- reductionism vs. holism
- Behaviourism has positive commitment to science, Humanism has a negative commitment.
- behaviourism = nurture, humanistic = nature and nurture.
141
What are the differences between the cognitive approach and SLT?
- SLT is more nurture than cognitive.
- Cognitive has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
142
What are the differences between the biological approach and SLT?
- Biological approach is more positively committed to science.
- Biological has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
- Biological is more nature, and SLT is more nurture.
143
What are the differences between SLT and the psychodynamic approach?
- SLT is more nurture than psychodynamic.
- Psychodynamic has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
- SLT is soft determinism, while psychodynamic is hard determinism.
144
What are the differences between SLT and the humanistic approach?
- SLT is soft determinism (reciprocal) whereas humanistic is free will.
- Humanistic has more treatments for mental illnesses.
- SLT more positively committed to science.
145
What are the differences between the cognitive approach and the biological approach?
- Cognitive only uses humans, biological uses non-human animals.
- reductionism vs. machine reductionism.
- Biological more nature than cognitive.
146
What are the differences between the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach?
- Cognitive has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
- Cognitive is soft determinism, psychodynamic is hard determinism.
- cognitive is more positively committed to science.
147
what are the differences between the cognitive approach and the humanistic approach?
- Machine reductionism vs. holism.
- cognitive has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
- cognitive is more positively committed to science.
148
What are the differences between the biological approach and the psychdynamic approach?
- biological is more positively committed to science.
- Biological is more nature than psychodynamic.
- Biological vs. psychic determinism.
149
What are the differences between the biological and the humanistic approach?
- Biological is hard determinism, humanistic is free will.
- Biological is more nature than humanistic.
- Biological has more useful treatments for mental illnesses.
- humanistic studies animals only, biological studies non-human animals.
