Applied Cognitive Psychology Automated Vehicles: Human Factors challenges

Question 1

(HMI)

Answer 1

Human Machine Interface (HMI)

*Vehicle and human can be seen as a
joint cognitive system

• The HMI provides continuous
  interaction between human and vehicle

Question 2

level 0

Answer 2

there are no autnonomus features

Question 3

level 1

Answer 3

these cars can handle one task at a time, like automated braking

Question 4

level 2

Answer 4

these cars would have at least 2 automated features TESLA

Question 5

level 3

Answer 5

these cars can handle dynamic driving tasks but still might need an intervention

Question 6

level 4

Answer 6

these cars are officialy driverless in certain environments

Question 7

level 5

Answer 7

these cars can operate entirly on their own without any drivers presence

Question 8

Afraid of riding in a fully autonomous vehicle:

Answer 8

2017: 63%
2018: 73%
2019: 71%
2020: 86% (of which 32% “unsure”)

Question 9

Outsized reactions

Answer 9

Outsized reactions in the face of
inevitable accidents

“They said they need real-world examples,
but I don’t want to be their real-world
mistake” Mr. O’Polka for the New York Times, 1/1/2019

Question 10

HMI – main challenges

Answer 10

• Minimize mode errors
• Stimulate appropriate level of attention
  and intervention
• Minimize automation surprises

Question 11

Minimise mode errors
Can the automated system…

Answer 11

• Handle longitudinal and lateral control?
• Manoeuvre in the current environment
  and situation (e.g. handle a roundabout)?
• Perform strategic aspects of driving (e.g.
  switch lanes or change route)?
  Carsten & Martens, 2019

Question 12

Stimulate appropriate levels of attention and intervention

Answer 12

Level 2: Driver attention to the road needs
to be as high as during manual driving
The higher the reliability of the system,
the lower will be the attention of the
driver and the higher the impact of a
failure

Question 13

Minimize automation surprises
Two types:

Answer 13

• Absence of expected action
• Presence of unexpected action

Question 14

eHMI – main challenges

Answer 14

• Communication
• Scalability
• Colour

Question 15

Communication
Instruction or intention?

Answer 15

Intention!

Question 16

Scalability

Answer 16

How can we make communication scalable?

Question 17

Colour
* Compliance with road regulations
* Red, green, yellow and blue can
generate confusion

dus welke kleur dan?

Answer 17

Cyan!

Question 18

Ethics dilemmas
How should an autonomous vehicle “ethically”
behave?

Question 19

Trust is “the attitude that an agent will help
achieve an individual’s goals in a situation
characterized by

Answer 19

uncertainty and vulnerability”

Question 20

Trust in automation

Answer 20

• Uncertainty and vulnerability
• Not a unidimensional construct
• Situation specific

Question 21

Dispositional trust=

Answer 21

Overall tendency to trust automation

Question 22

factors dispositional trust

Answer 22

• Culture
• Age
• Gender
• Personality

Question 23

Situational trust

Answer 23

Trust experienced in a specific situation

Question 24

2 types variability of situational trust

Answer 24

• External variability
  Weather conditions
  Road conditions
• Internal variability
  Self-confidence
  Mood

Question 25

(Dynamic) Learned trust

Answer 25

Trust that users develop over time, based on the
skills and knowledge acquired through past
experiences and interactions with the system

Question 26

High trust ≠ Appropriate trust

Answer 26

Design for appropriate trust, not greater trust!

Question 27

Trust calibration - Guidelines

Answer 27

• Design for appropriate trust, not greater trust
• Show the purpose of the automation
• Train operators regarding its expected reliability
• Carefully evaluate any anthropomorphizing(humanization) of the automation

Question 28

We see autonomous driving not as a threat but as a
tremendous opportunity. Autonomous driving and
Porsche go together very well

Answer 28

new era