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pe > Applied Anatomy and Physiology PE > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology PE Flashcards

1
Q

Identify two hinge joints on the body

A

Elbow and knee

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2
Q

Identify four functions of the skeletal system

A

Red Blood Cell production, movement,

protection, shape, support, mineral storage

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3
Q

Identify two ball and socket joints on the body.

A

. Hip and shoulder

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4
Q

Which bones meat at the neck and head?

A

Vertebrae, cranium

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5
Q

Which bones make up the shoulder joint?

A

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

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6
Q

Which bones make up the knee joint?

A

Femur, tibia

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7
Q

Which bones make up the elbow joint?

A

Radius, ulna, Humerus

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8
Q

Which bones make up the ankle joint?

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

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9
Q

Define what is meant by abduction.

A

Movement of a body part away from the body

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10
Q

Define what is meant by adduction.

A

Movement of a body part towards the body

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11
Q

Define what is meant by flexion.

A

Decrease in the angle at a joint

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12
Q

Define what is meant by extension.

A

Increase in the angle at a joint

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13
Q

Define what is meant by rotation.

A

Turning a limb along its long axis

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14
Q

Define what is meant by circumduction.

A

This is where the limb moves in a circle

rotation + another joint action

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15
Q

Give the function of a tendon

A

Attaches a muscle to a bone

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16
Q

Give the function of a ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

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17
Q

Give the function of the synovial fluid

A

Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate

the joint

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18
Q

Give the function of cartilage

A

Covers the ends of bones providing smooth,

friction free surface

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19
Q

Which mineral is needed for bone formation?

A

Calcium

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20
Q

Which movements are performed at hinge

joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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21
Q

Which movements are performed at ball and

socket joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

rotation, circumduction

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22
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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23
Q

Which movements can occur at the shoulder

joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

rotation, circumduction

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24
Q

Which movements can occur at the knee and

elbow joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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25
Q

Which movements can occur at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

rotation

26
Q

Which bones make up the hip joint?

A

Pelvis, femur

27
Q

Which bones make up the chest?

A

Ribs, sternum

28
Q

Name four muscles in the legs?

A

Hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius,

29
Q

Which muscle extends the knee?

A

Quadriceps

30
Q

Which muscle flexes at the knee?

A

Hamstrings

31
Q

When throwing a ball, which muscle is the

agonist at the elbow?

A

Triceps

32
Q

When throwing a ball, which muscle is the

antagonist at the elbow?

A

Biceps

33
Q

Identify the order of the pathway of air.

A

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,

alveoli

34
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

35
Q

Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?

A

Alveoli

36
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

A

Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood
cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with
haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon
dioxide which passes through alveoli and is
breathed out.

37
Q

Which features assist with gaseous exchange?

A

Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large
blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen
combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from
high to low concentration

38
Q

Name three blood vessels involved in the

transport of blood?

A

Veins, arteries, capillaries

39
Q

Identify three characteristics of veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to
prevent backflow of blood

40
Q

Identify three characteristics of arteries

A

Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at
high pressure away from heart, have no valves,
have more elastic walls, arterioles

41
Q

Identify three characteristics of capillaries

A

Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste

products to pass through, have thin walls

42
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to

increase blood flow

43
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to

decrease blood flow

44
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

When the heart is contracting

45
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

When the heart is relaxing

46
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure in the arteries

47
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

The process of the heart going through the
stages of systole and diastole in the atria and
ventricles

48
Q

8 Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate

49
Q

What is meant by cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart in

one minute

50
Q

What is meant by stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by

each ventricle during one contraction

51
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats (measured

in BPM)

52
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in each

breath

53
Q

Describe the difference between aerobic

exercise and anaerobic exercise.

A

Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without

54
Q

Describe aerobic exercise

A

Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs
when exercising for long periods of time e.g.
marathon runner, swimming, cycling, 800m

55
Q

Describe anaerobic exercise

A

Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only
for short periods of time, short intense bursts of
activity e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting

56
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to
anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue
and cramp

57
Q

Identify three immediate effects of exercise

during exercise

A

Increased heart rate, sweaty, increase in

breathing

58
Q

Identify three short term effects of exercise

24-36 hours after exercise

A

Tired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching,

DOMS, cramp

59
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness

60
Q

Identify three long term effects of exercise

months and years of exercise

A

Change in body shape, build strength, improve
muscular endurance, increase size of heart,
lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility,
improved stamina

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