Applied Anatomy and Physiology PE Flashcards
Identify two hinge joints on the body
Elbow and knee
Identify four functions of the skeletal system
Red Blood Cell production, movement,
protection, shape, support, mineral storage
Identify two ball and socket joints on the body.
. Hip and shoulder
Which bones meat at the neck and head?
Vertebrae, cranium
Which bones make up the shoulder joint?
Humerus, scapula, clavicle
Which bones make up the knee joint?
Femur, tibia
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
Radius, ulna, Humerus
Which bones make up the ankle joint?
Talus, tibia, fibula
Define what is meant by abduction.
Movement of a body part away from the body
Define what is meant by adduction.
Movement of a body part towards the body
Define what is meant by flexion.
Decrease in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by extension.
Increase in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by rotation.
Turning a limb along its long axis
Define what is meant by circumduction.
This is where the limb moves in a circle
rotation + another joint action
Give the function of a tendon
Attaches a muscle to a bone
Give the function of a ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Give the function of the synovial fluid
Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate
the joint
Give the function of cartilage
Covers the ends of bones providing smooth,
friction free surface
Which mineral is needed for bone formation?
Calcium
Which movements are performed at hinge
joints?
Flexion and extension
Which movements are performed at ball and
socket joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
Which movements can occur at the shoulder
joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
Which movements can occur at the knee and
elbow joints?
Flexion and extension
Which movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation
Which bones make up the hip joint?
Pelvis, femur
Which bones make up the chest?
Ribs, sternum
Name four muscles in the legs?
Hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius,
Which muscle extends the knee?
Quadriceps
Which muscle flexes at the knee?
Hamstrings
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the
agonist at the elbow?
Triceps
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the
antagonist at the elbow?
Biceps
Identify the order of the pathway of air.
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?
Alveoli
Describe gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood
cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with
haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon
dioxide which passes through alveoli and is
breathed out.
Which features assist with gaseous exchange?
Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large
blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen
combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from
high to low concentration
Name three blood vessels involved in the
transport of blood?
Veins, arteries, capillaries
Identify three characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to
prevent backflow of blood
Identify three characteristics of arteries
Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at
high pressure away from heart, have no valves,
have more elastic walls, arterioles
Identify three characteristics of capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste
products to pass through, have thin walls
Define vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to
increase blood flow
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to
decrease blood flow
Define systolic blood pressure
When the heart is contracting
Define diastolic blood pressure
When the heart is relaxing
Define hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
Describe the cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the
stages of systole and diastole in the atria and
ventricles
8 Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
What is meant by cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart in
one minute
What is meant by stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by
each ventricle during one contraction
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats (measured
in BPM)
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in each
breath
Describe the difference between aerobic
exercise and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without
Describe aerobic exercise
Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs
when exercising for long periods of time e.g.
marathon runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
Describe anaerobic exercise
Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only
for short periods of time, short intense bursts of
activity e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting
What is lactic acid?
Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to
anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue
and cramp
Identify three immediate effects of exercise
during exercise
Increased heart rate, sweaty, increase in
breathing
Identify three short term effects of exercise
24-36 hours after exercise
Tired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching,
DOMS, cramp
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Identify three long term effects of exercise
months and years of exercise
Change in body shape, build strength, improve
muscular endurance, increase size of heart,
lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility,
improved stamina
