Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Identify two hinge joints on the body.
Elbow and knee
Identify four functions of the skeletal system
Blood production, movement, protection, shape, support, mineral storage
Identify two ball and socket joints on the body.
Hip and shoulder
Which bones meet at the neck and head?
Vertebrae, cranium
Which bones make up the shoulder joint?
Humerus, scapula, clavicle
Which bones make up the knee joint?
Femur, tibia
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
Radius, ulna, Humerus
Which bones make up the ankle joint?
Talus, tibia, fibula
Give an example of a flat bone.
Pelvis, sternum, ribs, cranium, scapula
What is the function of a flat bone.
Protection
Define what is meant by abduction.
Movement of a body part away from the body
Define what is meant by adduction.
Movement of a body part towards the body
Define what is meant by flexion.
Decrease in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by extension.
Increase in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by rotation.
Turning a limb along its long axis
Define what is meant by circumduction.
This is where the limb moves in a circle
Give the function of a tendon
Attaches a muscle to a bone
Give the function of a ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Give the function of the joint capsule
Surrounds synovial joints, supports the joint
Give the function of the synovial fluid
Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate the joint
Give the function of the synovial membrane
Produces synovial fluid
Give the function of cartilage
Covers the ends of bones providing smooth, friction free surface
Describe concentric muscle contraction
Where the muscle shortens during contraction
Describe eccentric muscle contraction
When the muscle lengthens during contraction
Which mineral is needed for bone formation?
Calcium
Which movements are performed at hinge joints?
Flexion and extension
Which movements are perofrmed at ball and socket joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Define plantar flexion
Pointing of the foot towards the floor
Define dorsiflexion
Pointing the toes upwards from the floor
What is the function of a long bone?
Movement
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
Give the function of bursae
Fluid filled sacs that helps reduce friction in a joint
Which movements can occur at the shoulder joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Which movements can occur at the knee and elbow joints?
Flexion and extension
Which movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Which bones make up the hip joint?
Pelvis, femur
Which movements can occur at the ankle joint?
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
Which bones make up the chest?
Ribs, sternum
Name four muscles in the legs?
Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius,
Which muscle extends the knee?
Quadriceps
Which muscle flexes at the knee?
Hamstrings
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the agonist?
Triceps
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the antagonist?
Biceps
Identify the order of the pathway of air.
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?
Alveoli
Describe gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon dioxide which passes through alveoli and is breathed out.
Which features assist with gaseous exchange?
Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from high to low concentration
Which device measure lung volumes?
Spirometer trace
Name three blood vessels involved in the transport of blood?
Veins, arteries, capillaries
Identify three characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Identify three characteristics of arteries
Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from heart, have no valves, have more elastic walls, arterioles
Identify three characteristics of capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste products to pass through, have thin walls
Define vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow
Define systolic blood pressure
When the heart is contracting
Define diastolic blood pressure
When the heart is relaxing
Define hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
Describe the cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles
Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
What is meant by cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
What is meant by stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats (measured in BPM)
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in each breath
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume
Define expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume
Which muscles are involved in the mechanics of breathing?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Give the formula for aerobic exercise/respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
Give the formula for anaerobic exercise/respiration
Glucose = energy + lactic acid
Describe the difference between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without
Describe aerobic exercise
Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs when exercising for long periods of time e.g. marathon runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
Describe anaerobic exercise
Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only for short periods of time, short intense bursts of activity e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting
Define what is meant by EPOC.
Means oxygen debt, occurs during anaerobic exercise due to lack of oxygen, additional oxygen is needed during recovery, maintain breathing after exercise to repay the debt
What is lactic acid?
Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue and cramp
Identify three methods of recovery.
Cool down, massage, ice baths, replenish carbohydrate stores
Identify three immediate effects of exercise (during exercise)
Increased in heart rate, Increase in temperature, sweaty, increase in breathing rate.
Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-36 hours after exercise)
Trired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching, DOMS, cramp
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Identify three long term effects of exercise (months and years of exercise)
Change in body shape, build strength, improve muscular endurance, increase size of heart, lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility, improved stamina
