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GCSE PE Questions > Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify two hinge joints on the body.

A

Elbow and knee

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2
Q

Identify four functions of the skeletal system

A

Blood production, movement, protection, shape, support, mineral storage

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3
Q

Identify two ball and socket joints on the body.

A

Hip and shoulder

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4
Q

Which bones meet at the neck and head?

A

Vertebrae, cranium

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5
Q

Which bones make up the shoulder joint?

A

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

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6
Q

Which bones make up the knee joint?

A

Femur, tibia

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7
Q

Which bones make up the elbow joint?

A

Radius, ulna, Humerus

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8
Q

Which bones make up the ankle joint?

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

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9
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Pelvis, sternum, ribs, cranium, scapula

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10
Q

What is the function of a flat bone.

A

Protection

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11
Q

Define what is meant by abduction.

A

Movement of a body part away from the body

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12
Q

Define what is meant by adduction.

A

Movement of a body part towards the body

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13
Q

Define what is meant by flexion.

A

Decrease in the angle at a joint

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14
Q

Define what is meant by extension.

A

Increase in the angle at a joint

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15
Q

Define what is meant by rotation.

A

Turning a limb along its long axis

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16
Q

Define what is meant by circumduction.

A

This is where the limb moves in a circle

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17
Q

Give the function of a tendon

A

Attaches a muscle to a bone

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18
Q

Give the function of a ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

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19
Q

Give the function of the joint capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joints, supports the joint

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20
Q

Give the function of the synovial fluid

A

Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate the joint

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21
Q

Give the function of the synovial membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid

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22
Q

Give the function of cartilage

A

Covers the ends of bones providing smooth, friction free surface

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23
Q

Describe concentric muscle contraction

A

Where the muscle shortens during contraction

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24
Q

Describe eccentric muscle contraction

A

When the muscle lengthens during contraction

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25
Which mineral is needed for bone formation?
Calcium
26
Which movements are performed at hinge joints?
Flexion and extension
27
Which movements are perofrmed at ball and socket joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
28
Define plantar flexion
Pointing of the foot towards the floor
29
Define dorsiflexion
Pointing the toes upwards from the floor
30
What is the function of a long bone?
Movement
31
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
32
Give the function of bursae
Fluid filled sacs that helps reduce friction in a joint
33
Which movements can occur at the shoulder joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
34
Which movements can occur at the knee and elbow joints?
Flexion and extension
35
Which movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
36
Which bones make up the hip joint?
Pelvis, femur
37
Which movements can occur at the ankle joint?
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
38
Which bones make up the chest?
Ribs, sternum
39
Name four muscles in the legs?
Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius,
40
Which muscle extends the knee?
Quadriceps
41
Which muscle flexes at the knee?
Hamstrings
42
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the agonist?
Triceps
43
When throwing a ball, which muscle is the antagonist?
Biceps
44
Identify the order of the pathway of air.
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
45
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
46
Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?
Alveoli
47
Describe gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon dioxide which passes through alveoli and is breathed out.
48
Which features assist with gaseous exchange?
Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from high to low concentration
49
Which device measure lung volumes?
Spirometer trace
50
Name three blood vessels involved in the transport of blood?
Veins, arteries, capillaries
51
Identify three characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to prevent backflow of blood
52
Identify three characteristics of arteries
Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from heart, have no valves, have more elastic walls, arterioles
53
Identify three characteristics of capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste products to pass through, have thin walls
54
Define vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
55
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow
56
Define systolic blood pressure
When the heart is contracting
57
Define diastolic blood pressure
When the heart is relaxing
58
Define hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
59
Describe the cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles
60
Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
61
What is meant by cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
62
What is meant by stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
63
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats (measured in BPM)
64
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in each breath
65
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume
66
Define expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume
67
Which muscles are involved in the mechanics of breathing?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
68
Give the formula for aerobic exercise/respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
69
Give the formula for anaerobic exercise/respiration
Glucose = energy + lactic acid
70
Describe the difference between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without
71
Describe aerobic exercise
Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs when exercising for long periods of time e.g. marathon runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
72
Describe anaerobic exercise
Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only for short periods of time, short intense bursts of activity e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting
73
Define what is meant by EPOC.
Means oxygen debt, occurs during anaerobic exercise due to lack of oxygen, additional oxygen is needed during recovery, maintain breathing after exercise to repay the debt
74
What is lactic acid?
Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue and cramp
75
Identify three methods of recovery.
Cool down, massage, ice baths, replenish carbohydrate stores
76
Identify three immediate effects of exercise (during exercise)
Increased in heart rate, Increase in temperature, sweaty, increase in breathing rate.
77
Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-36 hours after exercise)
Trired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching, DOMS, cramp
78
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
79
Identify three long term effects of exercise (months and years of exercise)
Change in body shape, build strength, improve muscular endurance, increase size of heart, lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility, improved stamina

GCSE PE Questions (7 decks)

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