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GCSE PE Questions > Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify two hinge joints on the body.

A

Elbow and knee

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2
Q

Identify four functions of the skeletal system

A

Blood production, movement, protection, shape, support, mineral storage

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3
Q

Identify two ball and socket joints on the body.

A

Hip and shoulder

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4
Q

Which bones meet at the neck and head?

A

Vertebrae, cranium

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5
Q

Which bones make up the shoulder joint?

A

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

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6
Q

Which bones make up the knee joint?

A

Femur, tibia

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7
Q

Which bones make up the elbow joint?

A

Radius, ulna, Humerus

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8
Q

Which bones make up the ankle joint?

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

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9
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Pelvis, sternum, ribs, cranium, scapula

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10
Q

What is the function of a flat bone.

A

Protection

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11
Q

Define what is meant by abduction.

A

Movement of a body part away from the body

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12
Q

Define what is meant by adduction.

A

Movement of a body part towards the body

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13
Q

Define what is meant by flexion.

A

Decrease in the angle at a joint

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14
Q

Define what is meant by extension.

A

Increase in the angle at a joint

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15
Q

Define what is meant by rotation.

A

Turning a limb along its long axis

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16
Q

Define what is meant by circumduction.

A

This is where the limb moves in a circle

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17
Q

Give the function of a tendon

A

Attaches a muscle to a bone

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18
Q

Give the function of a ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

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19
Q

Give the function of the joint capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joints, supports the joint

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20
Q

Give the function of the synovial fluid

A

Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate the joint

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21
Q

Give the function of the synovial membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid

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22
Q

Give the function of cartilage

A

Covers the ends of bones providing smooth, friction free surface

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23
Q

Describe concentric muscle contraction

A

Where the muscle shortens during contraction

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24
Q

Describe eccentric muscle contraction

A

When the muscle lengthens during contraction

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25
Q

Which mineral is needed for bone formation?

A

Calcium

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26
Q

Which movements are performed at hinge joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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27
Q

Which movements are perofrmed at ball and socket joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

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28
Q

Define plantar flexion

A

Pointing of the foot towards the floor

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29
Q

Define dorsiflexion

A

Pointing the toes upwards from the floor

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30
Q

What is the function of a long bone?

A

Movement

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31
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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32
Q

Give the function of bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs that helps reduce friction in a joint

33
Q

Which movements can occur at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

34
Q

Which movements can occur at the knee and elbow joints?

A

Flexion and extension

35
Q

Which movements can occur at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

36
Q

Which bones make up the hip joint?

A

Pelvis, femur

37
Q

Which movements can occur at the ankle joint?

A

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

38
Q

Which bones make up the chest?

A

Ribs, sternum

39
Q

Name four muscles in the legs?

A

Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius,

40
Q

Which muscle extends the knee?

A

Quadriceps

41
Q

Which muscle flexes at the knee?

A

Hamstrings

42
Q

When throwing a ball, which muscle is the agonist?

A

Triceps

43
Q

When throwing a ball, which muscle is the antagonist?

A

Biceps

44
Q

Identify the order of the pathway of air.

A

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

45
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

46
Q

Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?

A

Alveoli

47
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

A

Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon dioxide which passes through alveoli and is breathed out.

48
Q

Which features assist with gaseous exchange?

A

Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from high to low concentration

49
Q

Which device measure lung volumes?

A

Spirometer trace

50
Q

Name three blood vessels involved in the transport of blood?

A

Veins, arteries, capillaries

51
Q

Identify three characteristics of veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to prevent backflow of blood

52
Q

Identify three characteristics of arteries

A

Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from heart, have no valves, have more elastic walls, arterioles

53
Q

Identify three characteristics of capillaries

A

Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste products to pass through, have thin walls

54
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow

55
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow

56
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

When the heart is contracting

57
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

When the heart is relaxing

58
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure in the arteries

59
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles

60
Q

Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate

61
Q

What is meant by cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

62
Q

What is meant by stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

63
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats (measured in BPM)

64
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in each breath

65
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume

66
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume

67
Q

Which muscles are involved in the mechanics of breathing?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm

68
Q

Give the formula for aerobic exercise/respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water

69
Q

Give the formula for anaerobic exercise/respiration

A

Glucose = energy + lactic acid

70
Q

Describe the difference between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise.

A

Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without

71
Q

Describe aerobic exercise

A

Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs when exercising for long periods of time e.g. marathon runner, swimming, cycling, 800m

72
Q

Describe anaerobic exercise

A

Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only for short periods of time, short intense bursts of activity e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting

73
Q

Define what is meant by EPOC.

A

Means oxygen debt, occurs during anaerobic exercise due to lack of oxygen, additional oxygen is needed during recovery, maintain breathing after exercise to repay the debt

74
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue and cramp

75
Q

Identify three methods of recovery.

A

Cool down, massage, ice baths, replenish carbohydrate stores

76
Q

Identify three immediate effects of exercise (during exercise)

A

Increased in heart rate, Increase in temperature, sweaty, increase in breathing rate.

77
Q

Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-36 hours after exercise)

A

Trired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching, DOMS, cramp

78
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness

79
Q

Identify three long term effects of exercise (months and years of exercise)

A

Change in body shape, build strength, improve muscular endurance, increase size of heart, lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility, improved stamina

GCSE PE Questions (7 decks)

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