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Fluoro Cram > Appendices > Flashcards

Appendices Flashcards

1
Q

Units for:

absorbed dose
dose equivalent

A

absorbed dose = rad (or Gy)

dose equivalent = rem (or Sv)

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2
Q

___ is the SI unit of absorbed dose.

One is equal to 1 joule/kg = 100 rad

A

Gray (Gy)

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3
Q

1 Gy = ? rad

A

100

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4
Q

___ is the special unit of absorbed dose.

One is equal to 100 erg/gram or 0.01 joule/kg or 0.01 Gy

A

Rad

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5
Q

1 rad = ? Gy

A

0.01

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6
Q

Rem is the special unit of ___.

A

any of them quantities expressed as a dose equivalent

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7
Q

1 rem = ? Sv

A

0.01

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8
Q

Dose equivalent in rems = ? x ?

A

absorbed dose in rad x quality factor

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9
Q

What is the SI unit of any quantities expressed as dose equivalent?

A

Sv

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10
Q

What is the Quality factor (Q) for x-, gamma, or beta radiation?

A

1

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11
Q

What does rad stand for?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

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12
Q

Dose rate is expressed in ?/?

Absorbed dose rate is expressed as ?/?

A

rems/hr

rad/hr

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13
Q

Relationship between intensity and distance of the x-rays:

The intensity of radiation varies ____ with the ____.

A

inversely

square of the distance

“Inverse square law”

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14
Q

Using the inverse square law, when the distance from an x-ray source is doubled, what happens to the intensity?

What happens if the distance is reduced by half?

A

reduces to 1/4 of the original

intensity quadruples

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15
Q

___ is the collision between an x-ray photon and an inner orbital electron of an atom which results in the electron getting kicked out of orbit and the photon losing its energy

A

photoelectric effect

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16
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

the collision between an x-ray photon and an inner orbital electron of an atom which results in the electron getting kicked out of orbit and the photon losing its energy

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17
Q

___ is the interaction of an x-ray photon with an outer shell orbital electron of the absorber atom which produces a recoil electron and a photon energy which is less than that of the incident photon.

A

Compton scattering

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18
Q

In Compton scattering does the x-ray photon interact with inner or outer orbital electron?

A

outer

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19
Q

In photoelectric effect, is the x-ray photon interacting with inner or outer orbital electron?

A

inner

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20
Q

What is the final result of Compton scattering?

A

Energy is lost

a recoil electron is produced which has a lower photon energy than that of the incident photon

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21
Q

___ is where the incident photon is annihilated in the vicinity of the nucleus of the absorbing atom with subsequent production of an electron and positron pair.

A

Pair production

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22
Q

What are the three methods by which energy is lost from an x-ray?

A

photoelectric effect

Compton scattering

pair production

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23
Q

The photoelectric effect is the most important at (high/low) energies which are utilized to produce fluoroscopic images

A

low

(up to 100 kVp)

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24
Q

The HVL (half-value layer) is used in determining which two things?

A
  1. quality (average penetrating ability of the x-ray beam)
  2. barrier thickness (amount of shielding needed to attenuate radiation to the required degree)
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25
Q

What is the quality of an x-ray beam?

A

the average penetrating ability

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26
Q

___ is the thickness or layer of a specified material which attenuates the x-ray beam to such an extent that the exposure is reduced to one half.

A

HVL

(half-value layer)

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27
Q

HVL is usually expressed in what units?

Barrier thickness is expressed in what units?

A

HVL = mm aluminum

Barrier = mm lead (or other specific material)

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28
Q

Deep dose equivalent

A

external, whole-body exposure

the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1cm

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29
Q

Dose equivalent to an embryo/fetus during entire pregnancy of occupationally exposed person should not exceed ___.

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv)

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30
Q

Once pregnancy is known, radiation dose of embryo/fetus of occupationally exposed person should be no greater than ___ rem in any month.

A

0.05 rem in any month

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31
Q

The main purpose of gonad shielding is to protect the gonads from exposure to the ___ when the gonads are within the limits of the ___.

A

primary x-ray beam

properly collimated x-ray beam

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32
Q

Are flat contact shields a good gonad shield for fluoro?

A

No

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33
Q

Is a shaped contact shield a good gonad shield for fluoro?

A

Yes

it stays put when repositioning

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34
Q

Is shadow shield a good gonad shield for fluoro?

A

No

but is good for sterile field and incapacitated pts

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35
Q

The energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material

A

absorbed dose

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36
Q

The sum of the individual doses received in a given period of time by a specified population to a specified radiation source

A

collective dose

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37
Q

The product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all necessary modifying factors at the location of interest

A

dose equivalent

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38
Q

Health effect, the severity of which VARIES with the dose and for which a threshold IS believed to exist.

A

Nonstochastic effect

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39
Q

Health effects that occur randomly and for which the PROBABILITY of the effect occurring (not its severity) is assumed to be a linear function of dose WITHOUT threshold.

A

Stochastic effects

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40
Q

Annual whole body occupational dose limits

A

5 rems

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41
Q

Total filtration: at least ___mm Al equivalent or HVL must be at least ___mm Al at normal operating voltage

A

2.5

2.5

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42
Q

These restrict the useful beam to less than the size of the barrier.

A

Collimators
adjustable diaphragms, shutters

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43
Q

Collimators must provide the same degree of protection as the ___.

A

tube housing

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44
Q

Bucky slot cover must be ____ thick.

A

0.25 mm lead equivalent

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45
Q

For how long should written records of repairs and/or maintenance of the x-ray equipment be kept?

A

3 years

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46
Q

What test/s are the phantom and penetrometer (aluminum step wedge) used to run?

A

to test the brightness/contrast optimization of the TV monitor

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47
Q

How often should you test the brightness/contrast optimization of the TV monitor?

A

Each day before the first exam

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48
Q

Interlocks should provide what?

A

protection from accidental exposure to operators when a barrier is not in place or not centered to the primary beam

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49
Q

What is a penetrometer?

A

aluminum step wedge

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50
Q

What is a nominal focal spot?

A

the manufacturer’s stated anode target size

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51
Q

___ is the projected focal size measured along the central axis of the x-ray tube at the image receptor

A

measured focal spot

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52
Q

___ is the length and width of the x-ray beam as projected down the central axis of the x-ray tube

A

effective focal spot

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53
Q

What is the actual focal spot?

A

the actual area on the anode that is struck by the x-ray beam

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54
Q

For under the table tubes, maximum intensities are received below the tabletop at angles of ___ and ___ degrees.

In above the table, ___ degrees is where the most intensity is received.

A

135, 120

30

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55
Q

Minimum intensities are receive at scatter angles of ___, ___, and ___ in that order.

A

45, 60, 90

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56
Q

For all types of radiologic procedures, what are the 3 general actions for reducing radiation dose exposure?

A
  1. eliminate medically unnecessary procedures
  2. Process films properly
  3. have a quality assurance program
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57
Q

___ is a barrier to attenuate the useful beam.

___ is a barrier to attenuate stray radiation.

A

primary protective barrier

secondary protective barrier

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58
Q

___ is the term for all the radiation which passes through the window, aperture, cone or other collimating device of the tube housing

A

useful beam

59
Q

___ is radiation not serving any useful purpose (includes leakage and secondary radiations)

A

stray radiation

60
Q

What are all the types of radiation detected by a film badge? (5)

A

x-rays
gamma
beta
thermal neutrons
fast neutrons

61
Q

Range for a film badge

A

0.0 - 700 rad

62
Q

Minimum energy detected for film badge for gamma and beta rays

A

10 keV for gamma

200 keV for beta

63
Q

Does a film badge provide a permanent record?

A

YES

64
Q

How can a film badge produce a false reading?

A

heat, pressure, certain vapors

65
Q

What types of radiation does a TLD detect? (5)

A

x-ray
gamma
beta
thermal neutrons
fast neutrons

66
Q

Range of a TLD

A

10 mrad - 10^5 rad

67
Q

Minimum energy detected for a TLD

A

10 keV

68
Q

Is a TLD reusable?

A

Yes

69
Q

Biggest advantage to pocket ionization chamber monitor?

A

Quick information available (immediate)

70
Q

Range of pocket ionization chamber monitor for x-rays

A

0.001 - 200 mrad

71
Q

What is an aberration?

A

an undesirable characteristic of a lens or optical system preventing exact reproduction of the original subject

72
Q

___ is the energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit of mass of irradiated material.

A

absorbed dose

73
Q

What material is one of the best absorber of x-rays?

A

lead

74
Q

___ is the part of the television scanning system used to reproduce the subject

A

active trace

75
Q

___ is the unit of electrical current that determines the quantity of x-rays produced at the anode (target) of the x-ray tube

A

ampere

76
Q

___ is also referred to as the target.

A

anode

77
Q

The anode is usually composed of ___

A

tungsten

78
Q

When electrons accelerated from the cathode hit the anode, what happens to them?

A

their kinetic energy is converted to x-rays

79
Q

___ appears as small, dark spots on the output screen of the image intensified tube.

A

image intensifier tube artifact

80
Q

___ is the process by which an x-ray beam of radiation is reduced in intensity by absorption or scattering when passing through material.

A

attenuation

81
Q

The Law of Bergonie and Trubondeau states what?

A

the radiosensitivity of tissues depends on:

  1. the number of undifferentiated cells it contains
  2. the degree of mitotic activity in the tissue
  3. the length of time the cells of the tissue stay in active proliferation
82
Q

The basic principle of the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau is that the more ___ the tissue, the greater the radiosensitivity.

A

undifferentiated the cell line within

83
Q

Where is the blind spot within the eye?

A

where the optic nerve enters the retina

84
Q

___ is the electrode in the x-ray tube from which electrons are emitted.

A

cathode

85
Q

___ Gy = ___ rad

A

0.01 Gy = 1 cGy = 1 rad

86
Q

___ is what graphically demonstrates the relationship between the density and radiation dose

A

characteristic curve

87
Q

A closed circuit is the distribution of television signal by means of ___.

A

coaxial cable or microwave

88
Q

___ is a highly corrected lens used to collect light from some source and project it into space as a family of parallel-light beams

A

collimating lens

89
Q

___ is a device for restricting/ confining/limiting a beam of radiation within an assigned solid angle

A

collimator

90
Q

___ is transmitted from the camera and consists of video, blanking, and synchronizing pulses

A

composite video signal

91
Q

What is a compression cone?

A

attachment used in fluoro of the GI tract

permits examiner to apply pressure to various parts and displace some overlying structures to improve visualization

92
Q

Compton effect/scattering is an interaction between an incoming x-ray photon and an (inner/outer) shell electron

A

OUTER

93
Q

What happens in Compton scattering after the x-ray photon interacts with the outer shell electron of the atom?

A

the photon surrenders a portion of it kinetic energy to dislodge the electron from its orbit

it then continues on its way but in a new direction

94
Q

___ accounts for most of the scatter radiation produced in diagnostic studies

A

Compton effect

95
Q

In the eye ___ cells allow us to see light, while ___ allow us to see color.

A

rods = light

cones = color

96
Q

Contrast for modern image intensifiers exceeds __ : __

A

15 : 1

97
Q

The absorption of x-rays in barium and iodine is much (less/greater) than that in bone and tissue.

Why?

A

greater

because contrast has higher atomic numbers

98
Q

What is a dead-man switch?

A

constructed so a closed-circuit contact can only be maintained by continuous pressure by the operator

99
Q

___ is film blackening or the amount of light transmitted through the film.

A

density

100
Q

___ is the allowable out-of-focus condition in the image plane that may be tolerated and still maintain a specific resolving power

A

depth of focus

101
Q

What would a 100% duty factor indicate?

A

continual usage

102
Q

___ is the section of a photomultiplier tube in which secondary electrons are emitted, thus providing amplification

A

dynode

103
Q

___ is the sensitive layer of photographic film that contains tiny crystals of a silver compound embedded in a layer of gelatin

A

emulsion

104
Q

The F-number denotes the relative speed of ____.

It is equal to its ___ divided by its ___.

A

a camera lens

focal length / diameter

105
Q

Flux gain is an increase in ___ expressed as a ratio of ___.

A

of light photons at the output screen : # light photons produced at the input phosphor

output image brightness from an image intensifier

106
Q

___ is the apparent size of the radiation source when viewed from the central axis of the useful radiation beam

A

effective focal spot

107
Q

___ is when the circular image is entirely within the rectangular frame.

A

Underframing

108
Q

___ is when the entire rectangular frame is filled with the circular image extending beyond the edges of the fram

A

overframing

109
Q

___ is the original method for expressing the increase in luminescence of the image intensifier tube as compared to a standard fluoro screen

A

gain

110
Q

___ is the average of all gamma measurements in the diagnostic density range for x-ray films

A

average gradient

111
Q

___ is the SI unit of absorbed dose

A

Gy

112
Q

Generally, the higher the grid ratio, the (better/worse) the scatter and the (higher/lower) the pt radiation dose.

A

better

higher

113
Q

___ is a grid that does move during an exposure to eliminate blur/grid lines form the image.

___ is a grid which does not move during the exposure.

A

Bucky

Stationary grid

114
Q

___ was established in 1928 and prepares recommendations to deal with the basic principles of radiation protection.

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

(IRCP)

115
Q

An image intensifier converts an x-ray image into ___, then to ___ then back to a ___ of smaller size and increased brightness.

A

a light image

an electron image

a light image

116
Q

Inverse square law

A

the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

117
Q

___ is the factor used to correct idealized vertical resolving power to that which would be realized in actual usage.

Generally taken to be ___.

A

Kell Factor

0.7

118
Q

___ determines the maximum penetrating ability of x-rays and refers to the “quality” of x-rays

A

kVp

119
Q

Lag is an undesirable quality of most ___.

A

vidicon (television) tubes

120
Q

___ is the ratio of the image size to the object size.

A

lateral magnification

121
Q

Longer latitude films have (lower/greater) contrast

A

lower

122
Q

Line Pair unit is used to express ___ or ___.

A

resolution

resolving power

123
Q

The Linear Hypothesis implies what?

A

any amount of radiation can cause some damage

124
Q

___ is the units used to express the electron current flowing across the x-ray tube from the cathode to the anode.

A

mA

125
Q

___ is the increase in output image brightness from an image intensifier tube that results from reduction in image size.

A

minification gain

126
Q

___ is the nonprofit corporation concerned with the scientific and technical aspects of radiation PROTECTION.

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

127
Q

Does the severity of the resulting health effect varying mean it’s stochastic or nonstochastic?

A

Nonstochastic

128
Q

___ is an object used to simulate the absorption and scatter characteristics of the pt’s body for radiation measurement purposes.

A

phantom

129
Q

A photocathode is a material rich in ___ that can be made to emit ___ under that action of incident light.

A

electrons

electrons

130
Q

___ is a type of vacuum tube used to achieve electron gains.

A

photomultiplier

131
Q

Entrance vs exit pupil

A

The image of the limiting aperture in a lens of optical system…

Entrance: formed by all of the optical elements AHEAD of that limiting aperture

Exit: formed by all the lenses BEYOND that limiting aperture

132
Q

___ is the modifying factor used to derive dose equivalent from absorbed dose.

A

Quality factor (Q)

133
Q

The quantum sink of a correctly tuned fluoroscopy system with closed-circuit TV camera is what?

A

x-ray photons absorbed by the image intensifier input phosphor

134
Q

___ is the measure of the deficiency of conversion of incoming x-ray photons to light photons

A

quantum yield

135
Q

___ is an instrument used to expose film to precisely controlled steps of increasing light intensity

A

sensitometer

136
Q

___ is a radiograph taken during a fluoroscopic exam for the purpose of providing a permanent record of an area of interest or to verify the filling of a void with contrast media

A

spot film

137
Q

Do stochastic or nonstochastic effects occur randomly in nature?

A

stochastic

138
Q

Are cancer and hereditary effects stochastic or nonstochastic?

A

stochastic

139
Q

___ is the operation of camera shutters at the same frequency as x-ray pulses

A

cinefluorography

140
Q

the x-ray tube target is the ___

A

anode

141
Q

___ is a dose monitoring system utilizing certain inorganic crystals such as LiF.

A

TLD

142
Q

Minification gain x flux gain = ?

A

total brightness gain

143
Q

A video camera tube converts a ___ into a ___.

A

visible image

electronic signal

144
Q

Equation for pixel size

A

Pixel size = FOV / matrix

Fluoro Cram (8 decks)

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