APP Flashcards
slow pain fibers are:
c fibers
describe succ moa
a. Succinylcholine molecularly looks like acetylcholine and acts like acetylcholine to depolarize the junction. It first causes depolarization by opening up Na channels in phase 1. This leads to fasciculations followed by flaccid paralysis. The continuous depolarization gives way to gradual repolarization as the na-channel close. This resistance to depolarization (phase 2) paralysis.
S1, S2, S3 - largest somatosensory area of the cortex:
Lips
Nitrous oxide action is enhanced by?
sildenafil (Viagra)
Locate the ulnar nerve
bottom of the diagram; “6’o’clock” location
Lambert Eaton
- Antibodies against ca-channels markedly reduce release of ach
- associated with small cell lung ca
- repetitive nerve stimulation demonstrates an increase in the motor action potential – if they regain their strength back then it’s lambert
Multiple Sclerosis
an immune mediated inflammatory selective demyelination of CNS white matter.
DX: MRI
TX: IV steroids to relieve acute symptoms.
NT Substance P function?
mediates pain
anterolateral sensory pathway includes:
light touch
pain
temperature
the anatomy of the cortex; Principal motor area (locate it on diagram):
Very top, center
(4) - parietal lobe
common neuron in spinal cord and brain:
multipolar
what metabolizes norepi
MAO & COMT
NT that enhances barbituates?
GABA
Dermatone of umbilicus
T10
Decreased in Parkinsons dieasea:
dopamine
dorsal column tract responsible for?
fine touch
two point discrimination
pressure
proprioception
Inhibitory potentials happen due to the opening of:
Chloride
excitatory potentials happen due to the opening of:
sodium
Locate the musculocutaneous nerve:
Top of the diagram
aprox. 11-o’clock position
what breaks down ACh?
AChE
What is the most excitatory NT?
glutamate
Speed of conduction:
Myelin sheath, made from schwann cells
black widow spider:
excessive ACh release –> convulsions
botulism:
blocks RELEASE of ACh from presynaptic terminal
in MG, what receptor is destroyed?
ACh
the cell muscarinic receptors act by?
IP3/ Ca++ mechanism
Beta-2 stimulant e.g. Terbutaline?
Increase cAMP synthesis
Aminophylline?
Phoshodiestestease Inhibitor
Identify the sarcomere in the image:
Number 1
it’s the full image
Isoflurane (volitalies) moa:
increases cl-entry into neurons
What type of cells are the most abundant in the human body?
RBC’s
What occurs if a RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution?
the cell shrinks
___ exerts the plasma oncontic pressure (28mmhg)
Albumin
What is the correct sequence of events during muscular contraction?
- ACTION POTENTIAL SPREADS ACROSS SARCOLEMA
- ACTION POTENTIAL TRAVELS TO DEEPER PART BY T-TUBULES
- RELEASE OF CALCIUM TO TROPONIN, TROPOMYSIN MOVES OUT OF THE WAY EXPOSING BINDING SITE
- MYOSIN HEAD BIND TO ACTIN
in error a patient is infused with large volume of a solution that causes lysis of rbc’s the solution is likely?
hypotonic urea
final packing of cellular products occurs in?
golgi apparatus
Defective _____ causes chediak-higashi syndrome?
microtubules
What will happen if the heart and skeletal muscle are placed in a ca-free solution?
- The heart will stop beating as it needs Ca for conduction.
- The skeletal muscle contraction will keep contracting due to the Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the first step in relaxation of skeletal muscle?
Calcium uptake by the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the MOA of potassium rich cardioplegic solution?
.K+ rich cardioplegic (heart paralysis) solution causes rapid membrane depolarization. But No repolarization can occur due to high extracellular K+ . Na+ channels are locked in the inactive state. The heart muscle is essentially in a permanent absolute refractory period. “pharmacological arrest”. Short Answer: Cardioplegic solution prevent repolarization, keep the membrane potential to -65 mV where Na+ inactivation gates close
resting membrane potential of typical neuron shifts from its normal value of -70 mV to ____ with HYPOkalemia?
-80 mV
At resting potential, the ion distribution inside and outside of a neuron is such that ___ ions are most abundant on the outside of the cell, while ___ ions are most abundant on the inside of the cell?
Sodium outside
K inside
Progressive external opthalmolplegia is a disorder of mitochondrial DNA. The transmission of this disease to baby occurs from?
mother only
What is the MOA of lidocaine?
blocks Na/K pump
Ion channels in the diagram show?
ligand gated channel
During a nerve AP, a threshold stimulus is delivered as indicated by the arrow shown in this figure. In response to the stimulus, a second AP will….
NOT OCCUR
An apparently healthy 12 yr old boy dies during minor surgery while under GA. An uncle also died during a surgical procedure. Results of a halothane contracture test indicate MH?
defective ryanodine receptors
A cell equilibrated in an aqueous solution of 300mOSM/L Sodium chloride. Which of the following describes what happens to the cell?
no change
a 42 yr old woman decides to lose weight on a diet by an anorexic friend. She loses about 30lbs in 45 days, but her serum potassium level falls to 2.1:
hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential
these cells remain G0 state?
Neuron
What is the STOP codon?
AUG
Ciprofloxin inhibits:
DNA Gyrase
Vancomycin inhibits:
bacterial wall synthesis
Erythromycin inhibits:
50S Subunit of bacterial ribosome
Sulfonamide inhibits:
Bacterial synthesis of folic acid
slow leakage of ___ to outside of cell, is responsible for resting potential of -90mV?
K+
In the following graph of nerve AP, what process is responsible fore the change in membrane potential that occurs b/w point 3 and point 4?
movement of K+ out of the cell
in the graph of nerve action potential , what process is responsible for the change in membrane potential that occurs b/w point 1 and point 3?
movement of Na IN TO the cell
