APP 3

Question 1

Kidneys

Answer 1

Retroperitoneal
T12-L3

Question 2

Suprarenal glands

Answer 2

Above the kidneys
Supplied my superior middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
Drained by right IVC and left renal vein
Innervate chrommaffin cells for fight or flight response

Question 3

Male vs female pelvis

Answer 3

Female pelvis is wider and shallower with broader pubic arch

Question 4

Pelvic floor

Answer 4

Made up of levator ani (Innervated by pudendal nerves S2-4 and anterior ramus s4) and coccygeus (anterior rami S3-S4)
Supports pelvic organs by maintaining continence.
Urethra,vagina and rectum passes though and weakness can cause prolapse

Question 5

Bladder

Answer 5

Consist of apex body funds and neck
Internal (smooth muscle involuntary) and external (skeletal muscle voluntary) sphincters
Innervated by parasympathetic S2-S4 for bladder contraction
Sympathetic for T11-L2

Question 6

Urthra

Answer 6

Male: Prostatic, membranous, spongy parts. Important for catheterization due to bends.
Female: Shorter, anterior to vagina. Increased risk of UTIs.
Continence: External sphincter critical in both sexes.

Question 7

Rectum

Answer 7

Anatomy: Begins at S3, ends at anal canal. Covered anteriorly by peritoneum in upper third.
Blood Supply: Superior (IMA), middle (internal iliac), inferior (internal pudendal) rectal arteries.
Puborectalis: Forms anorectal angle, aids continence.

Question 8

Spermatic cord and duct deferents

Answer 8

Contents: Vas deferens, testicular vessels, pampiniform plexus, nerves.
Course: From deep inguinal ring to superficial inguinal ring

Question 9

Prostate and seminal vesicles

Answer 9

Prostate: Inferior to bladder, surrounds urethra. Rectal exam reveals lobes; hypertrophy may obstruct urine flow.
Seminal Vesicles: Posterior to bladder, secrete seminal fluid.

Question 10

Gonadal Vessels

Answer 10

Testicular/Ovarian Arteries: Arise from abdominal aorta.
Drainage:
Right: IVC.
Left: Left renal vein.

Question 11

Pelvic Vasculature

Answer 11

Internal Iliac Artery: Supplies pelvic organs via branches like the superior vesical, uterine, middle rectal arteries.

Question 12

Pudendal nerves

Answer 12

Origin: S2-S4.
Course: Exits greater sciatic foramen, re-enters through lesser.
Distribution: Perineum, external genitalia.
Pudendal Block: Administered near ischial spine.

Question 13

Lymph drainage

Answer 13

Nodes: Iliac, para-aortic, inguinal.
Clinical Note: Pathway for infection and metastasis from pelvic cancers.

Question 14

Ureter

Answer 14

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubular structures that carry urine towards the bladder from the kidneys. The bladder sits underneath the peritoneum which creates associated ‘pouches’ in the inferior peritoneal cavity: the vesicouterine and rectouterine pouches in females, and rectovesical pouch in males

Question 15

Male vs female bladder

Answer 15

Male-anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland
Female-anterior to vagina and uterus

Question 16

Umbilical ligament

Answer 16

fibrous remnant of the embryological urachus, a tubular structure that connects the fetal bladder to the umbilicus during development.

Extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus.

Question 17

Internal and external os

Answer 17

Internal os is the opening of the cervical canal in the uterine cavity. Dilates during labour
External os-opening of cervical canal into vagina should be circular or oval in women that haven’t had birth and slit like due to previous birth. Can be seen in Pap smears

Question 18

Fornix

Answer 18

Anterior fornix is between cervical and anterior vaginal wall

Posterior fornix is between cervix and posterior vaginal wall which can accumulate fluid or pathological material

Question 19

Role of testes epididymis prostate and seminal vesicles

Answer 19

Testes produces sperm and testosterone
Epidymis matures and stores sperm
Prostate produces alkaline fluid for sperm viability
Seminal vesicles make energy rich fluid and prostaglandins for sperm motility

Question 20

Obturator internus

Answer 20

Origin from internal surface if obturator membrane and foramen inserts into greater trochanter of femur
Rotates femur and stabilises femoral head in acetabulum during hip movement

Question 21

Piriformis

Answer 21

Origin fro, anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligaments
Inserts into superior border of greater trochanter
Rotates fetus laterally and abducts thigh when hip flexed

Question 22

Urogenital hiatus

Answer 22

In males the urethra passes through connecting bladder to external urethral sphincter as well as deep dorsal vein which drains venous blood from penis

In females the urethra passes through and the vagina which connects cervix and uterus to external genetalia