App 1 Flashcards
Extrernal abdominal oblique
Compresses abdominal contents , bilateral contraction causes flexion of vertebral column. Alone is bends vertebral column laterally and rotates it
Innervated by intercostal nerves T7-11 and subcostal T12
Origin from lower 8 ribs insertion into iliac crest,iliac spine and aponeuorosis
Internal oblique
Compresses abdominal contents,bilateral contraction causes flexion of vertebral column,alone causes lateral bending and rotation
Innervated by T7-11 subcostal T12 and ilioinguinal L1
Origin from Inguinal ligament,iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia,inserts into last 3 or 4 ribs cartilage linea alba pubic crest and pectineal line
Rectus abdominus
Flexes vertebral column,tenses anterior abdominal wall and depresses ribs. Divided by tendinous intersections. Enclosed in posterior rectus sheath and anterior rectus sheath which instert into linea alba
Innervated by intercostal elves T7-11 and subcostal T12
Origim from pubic crest and pubic symphysis insertion from costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
Nine regions of abdomen
Divided by two vertical planes passing through midclavicular points and two transverse planes
Split into right hypochondriac region-epoigastric region-left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region-umbilical region-left lumbar region
Right iliac region-hypogastric region-left iliac region
Inguinal ligament
Thickened band of external oblique aponeurosis that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
Anchors muscles of lower abdominal wall and involved in hip movement
Femoral VAN pass through
Inguinal canal
In males the spermatic cord passes through-contains vas deferens,testicular vein artery and nerves and lymphatics
In females the round ligament of uterus is the primary content
In both it contains ilioinguinal nerve which supplies sensation to skin,groin,labia majora
Inguinal hernias
Indirect-results from congenital defect where abdominal contents herniate through deep inguinal ring. Follows same path as spermatic chord or round ligament
Direct-weakness in posterior wall of inguinal canal in hesse,bachs triangle. Hernia bulges through abdominal wall and doesn’t pass through deep Inguinal ring
Where does the oesophagus enter
Through the oesophageal hiatus at T10
Supplied by gastric artery,left inferior phrenic artery
Drainage through left gastric vein,oesopgeal veins
Drain via gastric and celiac lymph nodes
PNS innervated through vagus nerve (anterior vagal trunk and posterior vagal trunk)
Sympathetic innervation-arise Tim greater splanchnic nerves T5-T9
Stomach
In left upper quadrant extending into epigastric/umbilical region
Cardia-where oesophagus opens into stomach around T11
Fundus-dome shaped region filled with air
Body-largest part between the fundus and pyloric antrum
Pylorus-terminal part of stomach regulated by the sphincter
Sphincters of stomach
Lower Oesophageal sphincter-located at junction of oesophagus and stomach preventing reflux of gastric content
Pyloric sphincter-controls passage of chyme from stomach into duodenum preventing backflow of duodenal contents
Vascular supply of stomach
Arteries:
Left gastric artery: Branch of the celiac trunk that runs along the lesser curvature.
Right gastric artery: A branch of the common hepatic artery, also supplying the lesser curvature.
Left gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) artery: Branch of the splenic artery, supplying the greater curvature.
Right gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) artery: A branch of the gastroduodenal artery, supplying the greater curvature.
Short gastric arteries: Branches of the splenic artery that supply the fundus.
Venous drainage:
The venous drainage corresponds to the arterial supply:
Left and right gastric veins drain into the portal vein.
Left and right gastro-omental veins drain into the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein, which contribute to the portal system.
Short gastric veins drain into the splenic vein.
Lymph drainage of stomach
Gastric lymph nodes (along the lesser curvature).
Gastro-omental lymph nodes (along the greater curvature).
Pancreaticosplenic nodes (along the splenic artery).
These lymph nodes eventually drain into the celiac lymph nodes.
Nerves supply of stomach
Via vagus nerve:anterior vagal trunk and posterioir vagal trunk
Sympathetic via greater splanchnic nerves
Duodenum
Located in epogastric right hypochondriac regions if abdomen from L1-L3
Transversus abdominis
Core stability posture and respiration
Origin from inguinal ligament,iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into linea alba,pubic crest,aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle
Innervate by T7-T11, T12 (SUBCOSTAL),L1
Psoas major
Origin from transverse processes and bodies of T12-L5
Insertion into lesser trochanter of femur
Supplied by anterior rami of L1-L3
allows flexion of hip joint,lumbar spine and stabilization of lumbar spine
Psoas minor
Origin from bodies of T12-L1
Insertion unto pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence
Supplied by anterior rami of L1
Allows weak flexion of lumbar spine and stabilization
Iliacus
Origin from iliac crest,iliac fossa of pelvis and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
Insert into lesser trochanter of femur (fuses with psoas major to form iliopsoas muscle
Supplied by femoral nerve L2,L3
Allows flexion of bib joint and stabilization of pelvis
Quadratus lumborum
Origin from iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
Insertion into 12th rib and transverse processes of L1-L4
supplied by anterior rami of T12 and L1-L4 spinal nerves
Causes lateral flexion of trunk,extends lumbar spine and supports posture
GI tract development
At 3-4 weeks gut tube develops (fore,mid,hindgut)
Branching if accessory organs
Abdominal aorta supplies
Foregut from coelic trunk
Midgut from superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut from inferiority mesenteric artery
Foregut
Begins at abdominal oesophagus
Stomach
First part of duodenum
Ends at major duodenal papilla where pancreas and bile duct drain into duodenum
Midgut
Major duodenal papilla and rest of duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecume and appendix
Ascending colon
Ends at last third of transverse colon
Hindgut
Last third of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Superior rectum
Intra peritoneal organs
1st and 4th part of duodenum
Stomach
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Liver and gallbladder
Spleen
Tail of pancreas
Retroperitoneal organs
2nd and 3rd part of duodenum
Pancreas (minus tail)
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Superior rectum
Kidneys and ureters
Adrenal gland’s
Aorta and IVC
Abdominal oesophagus
Omentum
Suspends organs
Double layered peritoneum attached to the stomach
Greater omentum attaches stomach to transverse colon
Lesser omentum attaches stomach to duodenum and liver
Mesentery
Double layers of peitoneum attaching intestine to back of abdominal wall
Blood supply for anterolateral abdominal wall and inervation
Superior epigastric arteries and inferior epigasttric arteries
T6-T12 spinal nerves
What supplies the posterior abdominal wall
IVC
abdominal aorta
Inmervation of parietal and visceral peritoneum
PP innervater by somatic nervous system and VP innervated by autonomic nervous system
Pain detected by somatic is localized and very severe and for visceral it’s dull poorly localized