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Biology 101 > Apologia > Flashcards

Apologia Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiogenesis

A

The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Receptors

A

Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism’s life functions.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

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8
Q

Species

A

A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.

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9
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make their own food.

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10
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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11
Q

Saprophyte

A

An organism that feeds on dead matter

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12
Q

Parasite

A

an organism that feeds on a living host

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13
Q

Aerobic Organism

A

an organism that requires oxygen

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14
Q

Anaerobic Organism

A

An organism that does not require oxygen

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15
Q

Steady State

A

A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born

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16
Q

Exponential growth

A

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population

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17
Q

Logistic growth

A

population growth that is controlled by limited resources

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18
Q

Conjugation

A

a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

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19
Q

Plasmid

A

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

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20
Q

Transformation

A

The transfer of a DNA segment form a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell

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21
Q

Transduction

A

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another

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22
Q

Endospore

A

The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers

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23
Q

Strains

A

Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits

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24
Q

Pseudopod

A

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell’s main DNA

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26
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-bounded “sac” within a cell

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27
Q

Ectoplasm

A

The thin, watery cytoplasm near that plasma membrane of some cells

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28
Q

Endoplasm

A

the dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells

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29
Q

Flagellate

A

a protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum

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30
Q

Pellicle

A

a firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane

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31
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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32
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis

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33
Q

Eyespot

A

A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa

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34
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits

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35
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two ore more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association

36
Q

Commensalism

A

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

37
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

38
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

39
Q

Spore

A

a reproductive cell with hard, protective coating

40
Q

Plankton

A

Tiny organisms that float in the water

41
Q

Zooplankton

A

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa

42
Q

Phytoplankton

A

TIny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae

43
Q

Thallus

A

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems

44
Q

Cellulose

A

a substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

45
Q

Holdfast

A

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself

46
Q

Sessile Colony

A

a colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object

47
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

digestion that takes place outside of the cell

48
Q

Mycelium

A

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food

49
Q

Hypha

A

a filament of fungal cells

50
Q

Rhizoid hypha

A

a hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows

51
Q

Aerial hypha

A

a hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows

52
Q

Sporophore

A

specialized aerial hypha that produces spores

53
Q

Stolon

A

an aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments

54
Q

Haustorium

A

A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host’s cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm

55
Q

Chitin

A

a chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

56
Q

Membrane

A

a thin covering of tissue

57
Q

Fermentation

A

the anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules

58
Q

Zygospore

A

a zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering

59
Q

Zygote

A

the result of a sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring

60
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms

61
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

62
Q

Model

A

an explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen

63
Q

element

A

a collection of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons

64
Q

molecules

A

chemicals that result from atoms linking together

65
Q

Physical change

A

a change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance

66
Q

Chemical change

A

A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance

67
Q

phase

A

one of three forms — solid, liquid, or gas — which every substance is capable of attaining

68
Q

Diffusion

A

the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

69
Q

concentration

A

a measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

70
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

71
Q

Osmosis

A

the tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration

72
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process

73
Q

organic molecule

A

a molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous

74
Q

Biosynthesis

A

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules form smaller ones

75
Q

Isomers

A

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

76
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms

77
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides

78
Q

Polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

79
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

80
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

81
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Lacking any affinity to water

82
Q

Saturated fat

A

a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

83
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

a lipid made form fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

84
Q

Peptide bond

A

a bond that links amino acids together in a protein

85
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in a specific molecules

Biology 101 (5 decks)

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