APGov.Ch.5.Hannah.Esparza

Question 1

Harriet Tubman

Answer 1

born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the underground railroad. she led more than 70 people to freedom in the north, served in the union during the civil war and championed women’s suffrage

Question 2

abolitionist

Answer 2

a supporter especially in the early 19th century of ending the institution of slavery

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 4

equal protection clause

Answer 4

section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”

Question 5

frederick douglass

Answer 5

a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer and suffragist

Question 6

elizabeth cady stanton

Answer 6

leading 19th century feminist, suffragist and abolitionist who, along with lucretia mott organized the seneca falls convention. stanton later founded the national woman suffrage association (nwsa) with susan b. anthony

Question 7

seneca falls convention

Answer 7

the 1st major feminist meeting, held in new york state in 1848, which produced the historic “declaration of sentiments” calling for equal rights for women

Question 8

dred scott v. sandford (1857)

Answer 8

a supreme court decision that ruled the missuori compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. dred scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery south and the abolitionist north in the run up to the civil war

Question 9

emancipation proclamation

Answer 9

president abraham lincoln issued this proclamation on jan 1, 1863, in the 3rd year of the civil war, it freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the u.s.

Question 10

13th amendment

Answer 10

1 of 3 major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically bans slavery in the u.s.

Question 11

14th amendment

Answer 11

1 of 3 major amendments ratified after the civil war ; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all u.s. citizens

Question 12

15th amendment

Answer 12

1 of 3 major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 13

susan b. anthony

Answer 13

19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the national woman suffrage association with elizabeth cady stanton, anthony later formed the national american woman suffrage association (nawsa), which along with the national woman’s party (nwp) helped to ensure ratification of the 19th amendment

Question 14

civil rights act of 1875

Answer 14

passed by congress to enforce the 14th amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to african americans. granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 15

jim crow laws

Answer 15

laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels and other public accommodations

Question 16

poll taxes

Answer 16

taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 17

grandfather clause

Answer 17

voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens who grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test

Question 18

progressive era (1890-1920)

Answer 18

a period of widespread activism to reform political, economic and social ills in the u.s.

Question 19

plessy v. ferguson (1896)

Answer 19

suprme court case that challenged a louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

Question 20

separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 20

the central tenet of the plessy v. ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. this doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the 19th century

Question 21

national association for the advancement of colored people (naacp)

Answer 21

an important organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism and voting rights violations targeted against african americans

Question 22

national american woman suffrage association (nawsa)

Answer 22

organization created by joining the national and american woman suffrage associations

Question 23

suffrage movement

Answer 23

the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the u.s. in the 19th and early 20th centuries until ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920

Question 24

national woman’s party (nwp)

Answer 24

a militant suffrage organization founded in the early 20th century. members of the nwp were arrested, jailed and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 25

19th amendment

Answer 25

amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 26

naacp legal defense and eductional fund (ldf)

Answer 26

the legal arm of the naacp that successfully litigated the landmark case of brown v. board of education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 27

thurgood marshall

Answer 27

a leading civil rights lawyer and the 1st head of the naacp’s legal defense and educational fund. marshall was the 1st african american appointed to the supreme court and served on the court from 1967 until 1991

Question 28

harry s truman

Answer 28

the 33rd president, a democrat, who served from 1945-1953. truman became president when franklin d. roosevelt died in office; he led the u.s. through the end of wwii and the start of the cold war

Question 29

brown v. board of education (1954)

Answer 29

u.s. supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law

Question 30

dwight d. eisenhower

Answer 30

the 34th president, a republican, who served from 1953-1961, eisenhower commanded allied forces during wwii

Question 31

rosa parks

Answer 31

a leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. parks was most notably involved with the montgomery bus boycott

Question 32

martin luther king jr

Answer 32

a baptist minister, proponent of non-violence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. he was assassinated on april 4, 1968

Question 33

john f. kennedy

Answer 33

the 35th president, a democrat, who served from 1961-1963 and marked a generational shift in u.s. politics at the height at the cold war. he was assassinated november 22. 1963

Question 34

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 34

wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission

Question 35

national organization for women (now)

Answer 35

the leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s

Question 36

eleanor roosevelt

Answer 36

1st lady of the u.s. from 1933-1945. roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the u.s.’s 1st delegate to the united nations general assembly and later chaired the un’s commission on human rights

Question 37

equal pay act of 1963

Answer 37

legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Question 38

title ix

Answer 38

provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students

Question 39

equal rights amendment (era)

Answer 39

proposed amendment to the constitution that states “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the u.s. or any state on account of sex”

Question 40

league of united latin american citizens (lulac)

Answer 40

an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against and promote assimilation among americans or hispanic origin

Question 41

cesar chavez

Answer 41

labor organizer who with dolores huerta founded in the united farm workers union (ufw) in the 1960s

Question 42

dolores huerta

Answer 42

labor organizero with cesar chavez founded the united farm workers union (ufw) in the 1960s

Question 43

mexican american legal defense and educational fund (maldef)

Answer 43

an organization modeled on the naacp legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of americans of mexican and other hispanic heritage

Question 44

chinese exclusion act

Answer 44

a law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the u.s. from china

Question 45

korematsu v. u.s. (1944)

Answer 45

a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the u.s. government to require mass interment of people of japanese ancestry in the u.s. during wwii

Question 46

lgbt community

Answer 46

a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay. bisexual and transgender (lgbt) people

Question 47

lawrence v. texas (2003)

Answer 47

a 2003 supreme court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy

Question 48

united states v. windsor (2013)

Answer 48

a supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act (doma), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages

Question 49

obergefell v. hodges (2015)

Answer 49

supreme court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution

Question 50

americans with disabilities act (ada)

Answer 50

a law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 51

standards of review

Answer 51

the levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. these standards stem from the court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause

Question 52

suspect classifications

Answer 52

category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court

Question 53

strict scrutiny

Answer 53

a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review

Question 54

affirmative action

Answer 54

policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 55

intermediate standard of review

Answer 55

a standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review

Question 56

rational basis standard of review

Answer 56

a standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review