APGOVCh.12.Hannah.Esparza

Question 1

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 1

principle drafter of the Declaration of Independence 2nd vice president of the United States from 1801-1809. Co-founder of the Democratic-Republican Party

Question 2

Donald J. Trump

Answer 2

the 45th president, a Republican, elected in 2016; 1st president elected without prior military or political experience; an experienced businessman

Question 3

Hillary Clinton

Answer 3

1st female major party candidate for the president of the United States, a Democrat, who ran against President Donald J. Trump in 2016. Secretary of State from 2009-2013; New York senator from 2001-2009; former first lady

Question 4

electorate

Answer 4

the citizens eligible to vote

Question 5

mandate

Answer 5

a command, indicated by an electorate’s, for the elected officials to carry out a party platform or policy agenda

Question 6

primary election

Answer 6

election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election

Question 7

closed primary

Answer 7

a primary election in which only a party’s registered voters are eligible to cast a ballot

Question 8

open primary

Answer 8

a primary election in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to participate

Question 9

crossover voting

Answer 9

participation in the primary election of a party with which the voter is not affiliated

Question 10

runoff primary

Answer 10

a 2nd primary election between the 2 candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the 1st primary

Question 11

general election

Answer 11

election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices

Question 12

initiative

Answer 12

an election that allows citizens to propose legislation or state constitutional amendments by submitting them to the electorate for popular vote

Question 13

referendum

Answer 13

an election whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation or state constitutional amendments to the voters for approval

Question 14

recall

Answer 14

an election in which voters can remove an incumbent from office prior to the next scheduled election

Question 15

Electoral College

Answer 15

representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president

Question 16

elector

Answer 16

member of the Electoral College

Question 17

reapportionment

Answer 17

the reallocation of the number of seats in the House of Representatives after each decennial census

Question 18

incumbancy

Answer 18

already holding an office

Question 19

presidential coattails

Answer 19

when successful presidential candidates carry into office congressional candidates of the same party in the year of their election

Question 20

Barack Obama

Answer 20

the 1st African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as 44th president from 2009-2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005-2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997-2004

Question 21

mid-term election

Answer 21

an election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term

Question 22

campaign manager

Answer 22

the individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the campaign

Question 23

finance chair

Answer 23

the individual who coordinates the financial business of the campaign

Question 24

communications director

Answer 24

the person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate

Question 25

press secretary

Answer 25

the individual charged with interacting and communicating with journalists on a daily basis

Question 26

campaign consultant

Answer 26

a private-sector professional who sells to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get that candidate elected

Question 27

pollster

Answer 27

a campaign consultant who conducts public opinion surveys

Question 28

voter canvass

Answer 28

the process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone

Question 29

get-out-the-vote (GOTV)

Answer 29

a push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls

Question 30

Bernie Sanders

Answer 30

longest serving independent in the United States Congress. Ran against Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary; senator from Vermont since 2007; 1st elected to the House of Representatives in 1991

Question 31

positive ad

Answer 31

advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, with no direct reference to the opponent

Question 32

negative ad

Answer 32

advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponent’s character or platform

Question 33

contrast ad

Answer 33

ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidates, with a bias toward the candidate sponsoring the ad

Question 34

inoculation ad

Answer 34

advertising that attempts to counteract an anticipated attack from the opposite before the attack is launched

Question 35

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Answer 35

passed in 1971, this is the primary law that regulates political campaign spending and fundraising. The law originally focused on increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns

Question 36

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Answer 36

an independent regulatory agency founded in 1975 by the United States Congress to regulate the campaign finance legislation in the United States

Question 37

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Answer 37

passed in 2002, the act amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 with several provisions designed to end the use of nonfederal, or “soft money” (money raised outside the limits and prohibitions of federal campaign finance law) for activity affecting federal elections

Question 38

Citizens United v. FEC

Answer 38

the 210 U.S. Supreme Court case that enabled corporations and unions have the same political speech rights as individuals under the First Amendment. As part of the ruling, the Supreme Court found that the government may not prohibit corporations or unions from using their general treasury funds to support or denounce political candidates in elections

Question 39

McCutcheon v. FEC

Answer 39

the 2014 Supreme Court ruling that declared Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) unconstitutional. Section 441 imposed limits on any individual’s total political contributions (to federal candidates, parties, or political action committees) in a 2 year period

Question 40

political action committee (PAC)

Answer 40

officially recognized fund-raising organizations that represent interest groups and are allowed by federal law to make contributions directly to candidates’ campaigns

Question 41

527 political committee

Answer 41

organizations created with the primary purpose of influencing electoral outcomes; the term is typically applied only to freestanding interest groups that do not explicitly advocate for the election of a candidate

Question 42

501(c) group

Answer 42

interest groups whose primary purpose is not electoral politics

Question 43

super PAC

Answer 43

political action committees established to make independent expenditures

Question 44

independent expenditures

Answer 44

spending for campaign activity that is not coordinated with a candidate’s campaign

Question 45

public funds

Answer 45

donations from general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

Question 46

matching funds

Answer 46

donations to presidential campaigns whereby every dollar raised from individuals in amounts less than $251 is matched by the federal treasury

Question 47

conventional political participation

Answer 47

activism that attempts to influence the political process through commonly accepted forms of persuasion such as voting or letter writing

Question 48

unconventional political participation

Answer 48

activism that attempts to influence the political process through unusual or extreme measures, such as protests, boycotts and picketing

Question 49

turnout

Answer 49

the proportion of the voting-age public that casts a ballot

Question 50

retrospective judgment

Answer 50

a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on past performance on a particular issue

Question 51

prospective judgement

Answer 51

a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

Question 52

front-loading

Answer 52

the tendency of states to choose an early date on the nomination calendar

Question 53

Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

Answer 53

a federal law passed in 2002 that addresses issues of voting systems and voter access that were identified following the 2000 election. It established minimum election administration standards for states and units of local government with responsibility for the administration of federal elections and for other purposes related to the bill