APGOVCh.3.Hannah.Esparza Flashcards
confederation
type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states
Iroquois Confederacy
a political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the Framers
monarchy
a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society
totalitarianism
a form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties
oligarchy
a form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement
democracy
a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives
federal system
system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people
unitary system
system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government
enumerated powers
the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution
implied powers
the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clauses
Tenth Amendment
the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people
reserved powers
powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens
concurrent powers
powers shared by the national and state governments
bill of attainder
a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial
ex post facto law
law the makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.
full faith and credit clause
section of article iv of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state
privileges and immunities clause
part of article iv of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states
extradition clause
part of article iv of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial
interstate clause
contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns
Dillon’s Rule
a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them
charter
a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Charters for local governments must be approved by state legislatures
counties
the basic administrative units of local government
municipalities
city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas
special district
a local government that is restricted to a particular function
John Marshall
the longest-serving Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall served from 1801-1835. Marshall’s decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review in the United States
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce, the court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Supreme Court ruling that before the Civil War limited the implicatblity of the Bill of Rights to the federal government and not the states
Roger B. Taney
Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864. Taney supported slavery and states rights in the pre-civil war era
dual federalism
the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as a “layer cake federalism”
nullification
the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law
John C. Calhoun
a politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and supported states rights in the pre-civil war era and served as vice president from 1825-1832
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
a Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstituational and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott hightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolisitonist North in the run up to the Civil War.
Civil War
the military conflict from 1861-1865 in the U.S. between the Northern forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during this war
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the U.S. The 1st elected Republican President who served from 1861-1865. Lincoln who led the Union during the civil war was assinated in 1865 by Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth
seccesion
a unilateral assertion of the independence by geographic region within a country. The 11 Southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the U.S.
Confederate States of America
the political system created by the 11 states the seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union victory
reconstruction
the period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War in which the U.S. military occupied and dominated the 11 former states of the Confederacy
Andrew Johnson
17th president of the U.S., a Republican, who served from 1865-1869. Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln’s vice president after Lincoln’s assasination
Sixteenth Amendment
amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax
Seventeenth Amendment
amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures
Calvin Coolidge
30th president of the U.S., a Republican, who served from 1923-1929
Herbert Hoover
31st president of the U.S., a Republican, who served from 1929-1933 during the start of the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
32nd president of the U.S., a Democrat, who served from 1933- 1945. FDR’s leadership took the U.S. through the Great Depression and World War ll
New Deal
the name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the U.S. out of the Great Depression
cooperative federalism
the intertwined relationship between national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal; often referred to as marble-cake federalism
progressive federalism
a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative
Barack Obama
the 1st African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as 44 president from 2009-2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005-2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997-2004
categorical grants
Grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose
Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
36th president of the U.S., a Democrat, who served from 1964-1969. LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War
Great Society
reform program begun in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief
Ronald Reagan
40th president of the U.S., a Republican, who served from 1981-1989. Reagan led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism
New Federalism
federal-state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments
block grant
a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines
programmatic requests
federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district, also called earmarks
