Apes Unit 4 Flashcards
affluence
state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of goods, or property
age structure diagram
population pyramids that display the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, divided by gender
biotic potential
maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions (capacity for growth)
carrying capacity (k)
determined by biotic potential and environmental resistance ; the maximum population size an environment can sustain
CBR/CDR
crude birth rate/crude death rate
Clumping
most common pattern
Cohort
group of individuals of a certain age/gender in an age structure diagram
Demographic transition model
refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
Demography
the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
Density-dependent
change their intensity depending on the density of the population
density-independent
have the same intensity depending on the density of the population
developed country
replacement level about 2.0 due to high levels of industrialization and income
developing country
2.0 or great is necessary due to high levels of infant/child mortality
dieback
sharp reduction in the population of a species when its numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat
doubling time
the time it takes for the population to double
exponential growth model
growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population
family planning
the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family
fecundity
the physical ability to reproduce
generalist
a species that has a broad niche and is able to adapt to many environmental conditions
immigration
movement of individuals into a population
emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
inbreeding depression
when individuals with similar genotypes (typically relatives) breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce
industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
infant mortality
the death of children under the age of one year
child mortality
the death of children between birth and 5 years of age, expressed in 1,000 live births
intrinsic growth rate (r)
rate of population growth with unlimited resources
J-shaped curve
exponential growth; cannot last indefinitely in real life
K-selected
-long term survival
-parental care
-competitors
-constant environmental conditions
-close to carrying capacity
Life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions
Limiting resource
resource which a population cannot live without and occurs in lower quantities than what’s necessary for the population to increase in size
Logistic growth model
a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
Malthus
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English philosopher known for his study of earth’s population and its limits
Malthusian theory
believed human population was growing exponentially while our food supply was growing linear, therefore our human population size would eventually exceed the food supply
Metapopulation
spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals among them, using wildlife corridors
Mortality
the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Net Migration Rate
difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
Nt=N0 e^rt
exponential growth equation
Overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity
population density
the number of individuals per unit area
population distribution
the arrangement of individuals in a given area
population growth model
mathematical equation that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
population growth rate
the number of offspring in an individual can produce in a given time period
population momentum
the effect of current age structure on future population growth
population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age at a given point in time
population size (N)
number of individuals in a population
post-industrialization
the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly
pre-industrialization
r-selected
-energy into reproduction not survival
-poor competitors
-opportunists
-when favorable conditions hone, population may crash
-irregular/unstable cycles
random dispersion
tendency for populations to be found randomly about their habitat
replacement level
required to offset the average number of deaths in a population to keep population size stable
rule of 70
a way to calculate how long it will take for a quantity growing exponentially to double in size (70/percentage growth rate=doubling time in years)
sex ratio
ratio of males to females
survivorship curve
are used to compare the pattern of mortality between species. the curve shows the number of members of a population that reaches various age groups
theory of demographic transition
theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality
total fertility rate
average number of children a woman produces in a population throughout her life
uniform dispersion
equally spread apart
