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I hate this > Apes Unit 4 > Flashcards

Apes Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

affluence

A

state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of goods, or property

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2
Q

age structure diagram

A

population pyramids that display the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, divided by gender

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3
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions (capacity for growth)

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4
Q

carrying capacity (k)

A

determined by biotic potential and environmental resistance ; the maximum population size an environment can sustain

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5
Q

CBR/CDR

A

crude birth rate/crude death rate

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6
Q

Clumping

A

most common pattern

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7
Q

Cohort

A

group of individuals of a certain age/gender in an age structure diagram

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8
Q

Demographic transition model

A

refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

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9
Q

Demography

A

the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

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10
Q

Density-dependent

A

change their intensity depending on the density of the population

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11
Q

density-independent

A

have the same intensity depending on the density of the population

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12
Q

developed country

A

replacement level about 2.0 due to high levels of industrialization and income

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13
Q

developing country

A

2.0 or great is necessary due to high levels of infant/child mortality

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14
Q

dieback

A

sharp reduction in the population of a species when its numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat

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15
Q

doubling time

A

the time it takes for the population to double

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16
Q

exponential growth model

A

growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population

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17
Q

family planning

A

the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family

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18
Q

fecundity

A

the physical ability to reproduce

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19
Q

generalist

A

a species that has a broad niche and is able to adapt to many environmental conditions

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20
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

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21
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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22
Q

inbreeding depression

A

when individuals with similar genotypes (typically relatives) breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce

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23
Q

industrialization

A

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale

24
Q

infant mortality

A

the death of children under the age of one year

25
Q

child mortality

A

the death of children between birth and 5 years of age, expressed in 1,000 live births

26
Q

intrinsic growth rate (r)

A

rate of population growth with unlimited resources

27
Q

J-shaped curve

A

exponential growth; cannot last indefinitely in real life

28
Q

K-selected

A

-long term survival
-parental care
-competitors
-constant environmental conditions
-close to carrying capacity

29
Q

Life expectancy

A

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

30
Q

Limiting resource

A

resource which a population cannot live without and occurs in lower quantities than what’s necessary for the population to increase in size

31
Q

Logistic growth model

A

a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment

32
Q

Malthus

A

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English philosopher known for his study of earth’s population and its limits

33
Q

Malthusian theory

A

believed human population was growing exponentially while our food supply was growing linear, therefore our human population size would eventually exceed the food supply

34
Q

Metapopulation

A

spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals among them, using wildlife corridors

35
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year

36
Q

Net Migration Rate

A

difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country

37
Q

Nt=N0 e^rt

A

exponential growth equation

38
Q

Overshoot

A

when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity

39
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals per unit area

40
Q

population distribution

A

the arrangement of individuals in a given area

41
Q

population growth model

A

mathematical equation that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time

42
Q

population growth rate

A

the number of offspring in an individual can produce in a given time period

43
Q

population momentum

A

the effect of current age structure on future population growth

44
Q

population pyramid

A

represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age at a given point in time

45
Q

population size (N)

A

number of individuals in a population

46
Q

post-industrialization

A

the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly

47
Q

pre-industrialization

A
48
Q

r-selected

A

-energy into reproduction not survival
-poor competitors
-opportunists
-when favorable conditions hone, population may crash
-irregular/unstable cycles

49
Q

random dispersion

A

tendency for populations to be found randomly about their habitat

50
Q

replacement level

A

required to offset the average number of deaths in a population to keep population size stable

51
Q

rule of 70

A

a way to calculate how long it will take for a quantity growing exponentially to double in size (70/percentage growth rate=doubling time in years)

52
Q

sex ratio

A

ratio of males to females

53
Q

survivorship curve

A

are used to compare the pattern of mortality between species. the curve shows the number of members of a population that reaches various age groups

54
Q

theory of demographic transition

A

theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality

55
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children a woman produces in a population throughout her life

56
Q

uniform dispersion

A

equally spread apart

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