APES Chapter 19

Question 1

fossil fuels

Answer 1

highly combustable substances formed from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages

Question 2

electricity

Answer 2

a secondary form of energy that is easier to transfer over long distance and apply to a variety of uses

Question 3

aerobic

Answer 3

occurring in an environment where oxygen is present

Question 4

anaerobic

Answer 4

occurring in an environment that has little or no oxygen

Question 5

net energy

Answer 5

the difference between energy returned and energy invested

Question 6

coal

Answer 6

a hard, blackish substance that forms from organic matter that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structures

Question 7

natural gas

Answer 7

a fossil fuel composed mostly of methane, produced as a by-product when bacteria decompose organic material under anaerobic conditions

Question 8

oil/crude oil

Answer 8

a sludge-like liquid that forms within a window of temperature and pressure conditions below earth’s surfae

Question 9

petroleum

Answer 9

term referring to natural gas and oil

Question 10

proven recoverable reserve

Answer 10

the amount of given fossil fuel in a deposit that is technologically and economically possible to remove

Question 11

primary extraction

Answer 11

the initial drilling and pumping of valuable oil

Question 12

secondary extraction

Answer 12

solvents are used or underground rocks are flushed with water or steam to remove remaining oil

Question 13

refining

Answer 13

when hydrocarbon molecules are separated into different classes and are chemically transformed for different uses

Question 14

reserves-to-production ratio (R/P ratio)

Answer 14

how long the remaining oil will last (dividing the total remaining reserves by annual rates of production

Question 15

“peak oil”

Answer 15

when the rate of production comes to a peak, and begins to decline

Question 16

oil/tar sands

Answer 16

deposits of moist sand and clay containing a thick, heavy form of petroleum

Question 17

methane hydrate

Answer 17

ice-like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules

Question 18

clean coal technologies

Answer 18

a wide array of techniques, equipment, and approaches that aim to remove chemical contaminants during the process of generating electricity from coal

Question 19

carbon capture

Answer 19

technologies/approaches that from CO2 from power plants or other emissions

Question 20

carbon storage/sequetation

Answer 20

technologies/approaches to sequester/store CO2 from industrial emissions (example: underground)

Question 21

acid drainage

Answer 21

a process in which sulfide minerals in newly exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rain water to produce sulfuric acid, which causes chemical runoff as it leaches metals from the rocks

Question 22

energy efficiency

Answer 22

the ability to obtain a given result or amount of output while using less energy input

Question 23

energy conservation

Answer 23

the practice of reducing energy use

Question 24

cogeneration

Answer 24

when excess heat produced during the generation of electricity is captured and used to heat nearby workplaces and homes and to produce other kinds of power