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Semester 2 > APES Chapter 17 > Flashcards

APES Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

atmosphere

A

the thin layer of gases that surround the earth

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2
Q

troposhpere

A

blankets earth surface and provides the air that we need to breathe

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3
Q

stratosphere

A

11-50 km, 1,000 times drier and less dense

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4
Q

ozone layer

A

the layer of atmosphere that protect the harmful UV rays from reaching earth’s surface

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5
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

the force per unit area by a column of air

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6
Q

relative humidity

A

the ratio of water vapor a given volume of air contains the maximum amount it could contain at a given temperature

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7
Q

convective circulation

A

when the sun heats up water and it releases heat and the warm air rises and the cold air replaces it, making a current that circulates the air

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8
Q

weather

A

atmospheric conditions over short time periods

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9
Q

climate

A

the pattern of atmospheric conditions found across large geographic regions over long periods of time

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10
Q

front

A

the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture

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11
Q

warm front

A

boundaries along a mass of warmer moister air replaces a mass of colder, drier air

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12
Q

cold front

A

the boundary along which a colder, drier mass displaces a warmer, wetter air mass

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13
Q

high-pressure system

A

air that descends because it’s cool and the spreads out as it nears the ground

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14
Q

low-pressure system

A

warm air rises, drawing air inward toward the center of low atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

temperature/thermal inversion

A

when there is warm air, a layer of cold air and then more warm air

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16
Q

inversion layer

A

when temperature rises with altitude

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17
Q

hadley cells

A

currents on the equator that cause a lot of heat directly on the surface causing a lot of heat to rise and expand leading to release of water and heavy rainfall

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18
Q

ferrel cells

A

currents from the equator that cool and move down which is more arid and cool

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19
Q

polar cells

A

similar to ferrel but there’s less sun so it’s colder

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20
Q

coriolis effect

A

convective cells seem to be deflected from a straight path

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21
Q

hurricanes

A

when winds rush into areas of low pressure where warm, moisture-laden air over tropical oceans is rising

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22
Q

tornado

A

a mass of warm air meets a mass of cold air and the warm air rises quickly setting a powerful convective current into motion

23
Q

air pollutants

A

gases and particulate matter that has been added to the atmosphere and can affect climate or harm people or other organisms

24
Q

air pollution

A

the release of air pollutants

25
Q

outdoor air pollution

A

air pollution that appears outdoors

26
Q

aerosals

A

when a pollutant reacts with water and oxygen and condenses into fine droplets

27
Q

primary pollutants

A

pollutants that immediately cause harm

28
Q

secondary pollutants

A

pollutants that combine chemically to create a harmful compound

29
Q

residence time

A

amount of time a pollutant is in the atmosphere

30
Q

clean air act of 1970

A

stricter standards for air quality
imposed limits on emissions
new funds for pollution-control
able to sue parties violating the system

31
Q

clean air act of 1990

A

strengthen regulations for cars, emissions and toxins
emissions trading program
EPA set nationwide standards

32
Q

criteria pollutants

A

pollutants judged to pose specifically great threats to human health

33
Q

carbon monoxide

A

colorless, odorless gas made by incomplete combustion of fuel

34
Q

sulfuric dioxide

A

colorless, but strong, pungent smell, from combustion of coal for electricity, may react with stuff in the air and settle back into ground as acid deposition

35
Q

nitrogen dioxide

A

highly reactive, reddish brownish, foul-smelling gas that is part of smog and acid deposition

36
Q

nitrogen oxides

A

family of nitrogen compounds that result from nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere that react at high temperatures

37
Q

tropospheric ozone

A

human activity that accumulates in the troposphere and acts as a pollutant that smells from the sun reacting with the pollutant
can cause liver problems or damage live tissue

38
Q

particulate matter

A

solid or liquid matter that’s small enough to be suspended and can cause serious lung tissue damage when inhaled

39
Q

lead

A

a heavy metal that enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant
can be inhaled or deposited on land, enter food chain and accumulate in body tissues
can cause central nervous system malfunctions and other ailments

40
Q

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

A

carbon-containing chemicals used in, and emitted by vehicle engines and a wide variety of solvants

41
Q

scrubbers

A

technology that chemically converts or physically removes airborne pollutants are emitted by smoke stacks

42
Q

toxic air pollutants

A

substances known to cause cancer, have reproductive effects, or neurological, developmental and immune system and respiratory problems

43
Q

industrial smog

A

gray-air smog
coal or oil is burned, but not all of it is combusted
reacts with other things in the air and creates a grey layer

44
Q

photochemical smog

A

brown-air smog

when sunlight drives chemical reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds

45
Q

ozone-depleting substances

A

human-made airborne chemicals that destroy the ozone layer by splitting it’s molecules apart

46
Q

halocarbons

A

human-made compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons

47
Q

chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)

A

a type of halocarbon used in fire extinguishers, technology cleaners and aerosol spray cans

48
Q

ozone hole

A

an area in the ozone layer that is depleting

49
Q

montreal protocol

A

a treaty that made nations agree to cut CFC production in half by 1998

50
Q

acid deposition

A

the deposition of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto the earth’s surface

51
Q

atmospheric deposition

A

a more broad deposition (wet or dry) of acid onto land in a wide variety of pollutants

52
Q

indoor air pollution

A

indoor air that contains higher concentration of pollution in workplaces, schools, and homes that cause health effects worse than outdoor air pollution

53
Q

sick-building syndrome

A

when someone gets sick and the cause is unknown with symptoms that are general and nonspecific

Semester 2 (11 decks)

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