ap unit 6

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

being able to access the information without being cued (fill in the blank test without word bank)

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

identifying information after experiencing it again (multiple choice test)

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

the process by which we learn something for the second time, often occurs faster than first time (studying for cumulative test)

Question 5

Information Proccessing Model

Answer 5

model of memory, compares our mind to a computer in a series of three stages

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

the process of putting information into the memory system (once received from the environment, our brains label it or code it)

Question 7

Storage

Answer 7

the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information (period of time, could be from a moment to lifetime)

Question 8

Retrieval

Answer 8

the calling back of stored information on demand when it’s needed (some may be effortless, depending on type of information)

Question 9

Atkinson Shiffrin Three Stage Model of Memory

Answer 9

three different memory systems characterzed by time frames (sensory, short term, and long term)

Question 10

Sensory Memory

Answer 10

external events from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived (our selective attention shows what part is encoded into short term memory)

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory, duration of less than a second

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system, capable of holding a large amount of auditory information (only for 3-4 seconds)

Question 13

Haptic memory

Answer 13

the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch, all over the body and held briefly in haptic memory before vanishing or being transported to short term memory (2 seconds)

Question 14

Short Term Memory

Answer 14

the information we are currently aware of or thinking about, come from paying attention to sensory memory

Question 15

Long Term Memory

Answer 15

all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds, a vast storage capacity (some memories stay from the time they were created until we die)

Question 16

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 16

how long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when it is encoded, depth refers to attention, focus, elaboration, and emphasis on a specific memory (fergus craik and robert lockhart)

Question 17

Shallow Processing

Answer 17

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance (structural - physical, phonemic - sounds)

Question 18

Deep Processing

Answer 18

occurs when we attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units (improve amount of information you can remember)

Question 20

Short Term Memory

Answer 20

the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time (20 to 30 seconds, very sensitive and vulnerable to interruptions)

Question 21

Baddeley’s Working Memory

Answer 21

system in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process (active state, working memory contains the information of which you are immediately aware)

Question 22

Memory Span

Answer 22

number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short term memory (george miller experiment, capacity is approximately seven plus or minus two)

Question 23

Long Term Memory

Answer 23

the storage of information over an extended period, susceptible to forgetting process, can last days to decades

Question 24

Implicit Unconscious Memory

Answer 24

information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly

Question 25

Procedural Memory

Answer 25

how to perform a specific task, you don’t have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks

Question 26

Explicit Conscious Memory

Answer 26

information that you have to consciously work to remember, memory of facts, concepts, and events require conscious recall and verbalize

Question 27

Effortful Processing

Answer 27

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, you must purposely try to remember (rehearsal and overlearning)

Question 28

Semantic Memory

Answer 28

these are memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge (used during tests)

Question 29

Episodic Memory

Answer 29

long term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences (autobiographical memory, important for self identity)

Question 30

Prospective Memory

Answer 30

remembering to complete a task in the future

Question 31

Eidetic Memory

Answer 31

a person has visual images clear enough to be retained for seconds and realistic in their vividness

Question 32

Memory Consolidation

Answer 32

process where our brains convert short terms memories into long term ones

Question 33

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 33

strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron (believed to be a biological basis for learning in mammals, occurs in hippocampus)

Question 34

Storage Decay

Answer 34

first to conduct experimental studies on memories by using himself as a subject (hermann ebbinghaus)

Question 35

Forgetting Curve

Answer 35

the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it (70 percent is lost within 24 hours of initial learning)

Question 36

Amnesia

Answer 36

occurs when a person experiences the full or partial loss of memory injury or trauma can create problems with various brain functions

Question 37

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 37

cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia

Question 38

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 38

condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia inducing event (either partial or total inability to remember events that happened)

Question 39

Retrieval Failure

Answer 39

the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded to help trigger the memory

Question 40

Encoding Failure

Answer 40

occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)

Question 41

Interference Theory

Answer 41

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories, forgetting in long term memory

Question 42

Proactive Interference

Answer 42

older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories (easier to recall previously learned information rather than more recent learning)

Question 43

Retroactive Interference

Answer 43

newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories (learning new things can make it more difficult to recall things we already know)

Question 44

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 44

vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events

Question 45

Memory Reconstruction

Answer 45

approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it (we construct memories as we encode them, and we may also alter with them when we withdraw, update with logical processes)