ap unit 6 Flashcards
Memory
learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved
Recall
being able to access the information without being cued (fill in the blank test without word bank)
Recognition
identifying information after experiencing it again (multiple choice test)
Relearning
the process by which we learn something for the second time, often occurs faster than first time (studying for cumulative test)
Information Proccessing Model
model of memory, compares our mind to a computer in a series of three stages
Encoding
the process of putting information into the memory system (once received from the environment, our brains label it or code it)
Storage
the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information (period of time, could be from a moment to lifetime)
Retrieval
the calling back of stored information on demand when it’s needed (some may be effortless, depending on type of information)
Atkinson Shiffrin Three Stage Model of Memory
three different memory systems characterzed by time frames (sensory, short term, and long term)
Sensory Memory
external events from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived (our selective attention shows what part is encoded into short term memory)
Iconic memory
sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory, duration of less than a second
Echoic memory
the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system, capable of holding a large amount of auditory information (only for 3-4 seconds)
Haptic memory
the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch, all over the body and held briefly in haptic memory before vanishing or being transported to short term memory (2 seconds)
Short Term Memory
the information we are currently aware of or thinking about, come from paying attention to sensory memory
Long Term Memory
all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds, a vast storage capacity (some memories stay from the time they were created until we die)
Levels of Processing Model
how long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when it is encoded, depth refers to attention, focus, elaboration, and emphasis on a specific memory (fergus craik and robert lockhart)
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance (structural - physical, phonemic - sounds)
Deep Processing
occurs when we attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories
Chunking
process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units (improve amount of information you can remember)
Short Term Memory
the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time (20 to 30 seconds, very sensitive and vulnerable to interruptions)
Baddeley’s Working Memory
system in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process (active state, working memory contains the information of which you are immediately aware)
Memory Span
number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short term memory (george miller experiment, capacity is approximately seven plus or minus two)
Long Term Memory
the storage of information over an extended period, susceptible to forgetting process, can last days to decades
Implicit Unconscious Memory
information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
Procedural Memory
how to perform a specific task, you don’t have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks
Explicit Conscious Memory
information that you have to consciously work to remember, memory of facts, concepts, and events require conscious recall and verbalize
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, you must purposely try to remember (rehearsal and overlearning)
Semantic Memory
these are memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge (used during tests)
Episodic Memory
long term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences (autobiographical memory, important for self identity)
Prospective Memory
remembering to complete a task in the future
Eidetic Memory
a person has visual images clear enough to be retained for seconds and realistic in their vividness
Memory Consolidation
process where our brains convert short terms memories into long term ones
Long Term Potentiation
strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron (believed to be a biological basis for learning in mammals, occurs in hippocampus)
Storage Decay
first to conduct experimental studies on memories by using himself as a subject (hermann ebbinghaus)
Forgetting Curve
the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it (70 percent is lost within 24 hours of initial learning)
Amnesia
occurs when a person experiences the full or partial loss of memory injury or trauma can create problems with various brain functions
Retrograde Amnesia
cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia inducing event (either partial or total inability to remember events that happened)
Retrieval Failure
the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded to help trigger the memory
Encoding Failure
occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)
Interference Theory
some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories, forgetting in long term memory
Proactive Interference
older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories (easier to recall previously learned information rather than more recent learning)
Retroactive Interference
newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories (learning new things can make it more difficult to recall things we already know)
Flashbulb Memory
vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
Memory Reconstruction
approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it (we construct memories as we encode them, and we may also alter with them when we withdraw, update with logical processes)
