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ap unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

lateralization

A

there is some evidence that each brain hemisphere has its own distinct functions.

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2
Q

right hemisphere function

A

specializes in more widespread processing involving perception, visualizations, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions, melodies, and expressing emotions.

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3
Q

left hemisphere function

A

specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, sense of time and rhythm, and any thought involving analysis.

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4
Q

lobes

A

areas of the cerebral cortex, location and primary function, each with a speciality

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5
Q

frontal lobe

A

areas of the cortex located in the front top of brain, associates with reasoning, motor skills (executive functions)

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6
Q

parietal lobe

A

sections of the brain located at the top back of each cerebral hemisphere (center for processing sensory signals)

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7
Q

occipital lobe

A

section of the brain located near the back bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing visual centers of brain (left controls right eyes view, right controls left eyes view)

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8
Q

temporal lobe

A

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples (neurons responsible for sense of hearing and meaningful speech)

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9
Q

brain stem

A

most primitive part of the brain, base of brain connected to spinal cord, controls flow of messages from brain to body (controls basic functions like breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness)

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10
Q

limbic system

A

network of structures located beneath the cerebral cortex, it coordinates fear and aggression (hunger and sex, and formation of episodic memories)

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11
Q

nervous system

A

body’s communication network that consists all nerve cells “body’s electrical wiring” (allows organisms to sense, organize, and react)

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12
Q

central nervous system

A

CNS, coordinates the actions and interactions of the brain and spinal cord, body’s main control center (largest part of nervous system, spinal cord is highway information connecting to peripheral nervous system to brain)

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13
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

PNS, includes the sensory nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that connects the CNS to the rest of the body (PNS connects the CNS to organs, limbs, and skin)

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary and unconscious actions such as breathing, pumping blood, digestion, heart beat, etc

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

emergency response system, if something alarms, enrages, or challenges you (accelerates your heart beat, increases blood pressure and sugar, alert and ready)

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16
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

functions to calm the person after a sympathetic nervous system exceeds (reduces energy, blood sugar, heart rate)

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17
Q

somatic nervous system

A

includes the nerves that transmit signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement (helps for carrying sensory and motor information to and from CNS)

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18
Q

motor and sensory pathways (part of PNS)

A

Motor: signals from brain to muscles/glands (down movement), Sensory: signals from sensory receptors to the brain (up movement)

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19
Q

sensory neurons

A

Afferent Neurons, they carry information from the nerves to the CNS, allow us to take in sensory information and send it to the brain and spinal cord.

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20
Q

motor neurons

A

Efferent Neurons, carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body, allow us to take physical action in response to stimuli in the environment.

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21
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory (inputs) and motor (outputs)

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22
Q

reflex arc

A

signals that are sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information instead of passing it on to the brain

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23
Q

neuron

A

Nerve cell, specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals (chemicals stimulate the neuron, creates electricity and releases chemicals)

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24
Q

glial cell

A

provides physical support for the neurons to grow on and around, like glue (90% of brain is made up of glial cells, they give nutrients, clean, and insulate the neurons)

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25
Q

dendrites

A

Antena, part of the neuron, branch-like extensions that receives electrical messages from cells

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26
Q

soma (cell body)

A

Life Support, the cell body of the neuron responsible to maintain cell and keep neuron functional

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27
Q

axon

A

Talker, fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings, carries messages to cells

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28
Q

myelin sheath

A

layer of fatty tissue produced by glial cells, wraps around the axon to protect the nerve fiber from damage (speeds up messages)

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29
Q

axon terminal

A

tips at the end of axon, sends signals to other neurons (very ends are terminal buttons/synaptic knobs)

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30
Q

receptor sites

A

receives signals, are the lock where the neurotransmitters molecule fits into (key)

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31
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

stores various transmitters (chemicals) that are released

32
Q

synaptic gap/cleft

A

less than a millionth inch wide

33
Q

synapse

A

Contact Point, meeting point between neurons, at the end of the terminal button is the gap known as synapse

34
Q

excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory excite connecting neurons and cause them to fire, more action potentials. Inhibitory prevent the next neurons from firing

35
Q

acetylcholine

A

Movement and Memory (ACh), it’s the principal neurotransmitter involved in thought, learning, and memory. It’s involved in activating muscle action (excitatory)

36
Q

serotonin

A

Mood, connected to feelings of wellbeing and happiness, it regulates sleep cycle with melatonin and regulates intestinal movements (inhibitory)

37
Q

dopamine

A

Reward, pleasure chemical, related to reward and learning, motivational (inhibitory)

38
Q

norepinephrine

A

Fight or Flight, associated with response to danger, attention and responding actions in brain, increased blood flow (excitatory)

39
Q

GABA

A

Calming, slows things down, natural tranquilizer, helps control motor and vision skills, increased sleep, low anxiety and alertness (inhibitory)

40
Q

glutamate

A

Memory, involved with thinking, long term memory, and learning (most common and major excitatory)

41
Q

endorphins

A

Euphoria, relieves pain and stress, causes from exercise, excitement, and pain (inhibitory)

42
Q

steps of neural firing

A
  1. Dendrites receive a chemical called a neurotransmitter (key)
  2. Chemicals go to receptor sites on the dendrite (lock)
  3. The receptor site will trigger the axon to let in positively charged sodium ions (selectively permeable membrane)
  4. The reaction between positive ions and the negative charged axon create an electrical charge (if no fire, it continues, if it fires then it stops)
  5. The charge hits the axon terminals and tells them to release a chemical (neurotransmitter)
  6. Chemicals will cross the synaptic gap and stimulate the dendrites and signal continues
  7. Reuptake, the neurotransmitter is destroyed and sent back to the start to become reused
43
Q

action potential

A

a part of process that occurs during the firing of a neuron (neural membrane opens, negatively charged ions out and positively charged ions inside)

44
Q

reuptake

A

after the transmitters stimulate receptors on the receiving neuron, the chemicals are taken back up into sending neuron to be used again (enzymes destroy the neurotransmitters, breaks it down)

45
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation that a cell body (soma) uses to decide whether to tell the axon to create electrical impulses

46
Q

all or none principle

A

when a neuron fires, it’s either at full strength or not at all, the strength is always constant

47
Q

endocrine system

A

contains of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones in your blood (essential for communication in body)

48
Q

pituitary gland

A

Master Gland, pea sized structure located in the core of the brain, where it is controlled by an adjacent brain area (hypothalamus). Regulates stress, growth, and reproduction

49
Q

thyroid gland

A

located inside the lower neck, secretes a hormone called thyroxin, regulates metabolism, growth, and appetite. (if damaged it can give poor sleep, fatigue and depression

50
Q

pineal gland

A

located in the back of brain, secretes a hormone called melatonin which regulates sleep and body rhythms

51
Q

adrenal gland

A

two glands on top of each kidney in charge of stress response, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline) to help sympathetic arousal. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar (surge in energy)

52
Q

gonads

A

sex glands, including the ovaries for females and testis for males, regulates sex hormones, behavior, and sex characteristics (aggression). Estrogen in women and testosterone in men

53
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers, produced in endocrine glands and are secreted into the bloodstream (slower to take effect, long lasting) can be chemically identical to neurotransmitters

54
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone known to help regulate sleep and wake cycles, released by pineal gland into bloodstream when in sleep

55
Q

testosterone

A

a male sex hormone and most potent of the androgens produced by the testes, gives aggression and male behaviors

56
Q

estrogen

A

a woman sex hormone, it helps with female sex characteristics and mainly stronger when in ovulation

57
Q

oxytocin

A

powerful hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction (love hormone, physical touch)

58
Q

epinephrine

A

Adrenaline, hormone produced in high stress or excited situation, physical boosts, and high awareness (increases heart rate, contracts blood vessel and dilate airways to increase blood flow and oxygen)

59
Q

cortisol

A

body’s main stress hormone, works with certain parts of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear (important for relaxation response to activate after)

60
Q

brain autopsy

A

examination of brain tissue after death, only definitive way to diagnose the specific neurodegenerative disorder of an individual

61
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

operation that removes parts of the brain to control behavior, disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of brain (developed in 1930, nobel prize for treatment of schizophrenia in 1949)

62
Q

hemispherectomy

A

brain surgery used to treat behavioral disorders or illnesses, removal of one of the halves of the brain (controls seizures)

63
Q

brain scanning

A

not used to treat disorders rather provide information of structure and activity in brain

64
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on scalp (effects can be sleep, seizures and even tumors)

65
Q

computer tomography (CT or CAT scan)

A

2D x-ray photograms from different angles used to create a 3D representation of the brain (identify muscle or bone disorder, used in emergency rooms, can see major structural problems)

66
Q

magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

A

brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce three dimensional detailed images of brain (better resolution than CAT scan)

67
Q

functional MRI

A

measuring brain activity, detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occurs in response to neural activity (more oxygen means more activity) high resolution structural images

68
Q

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

uses trace amounts of short lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain, like glucose (detects total energy brain uses in an activity)

69
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma (resistant to damage)

70
Q

functional plasticity

A

brain’s ability to move functions from a damaged area to other undamaged areas

71
Q

structural plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to actually change its physical structure as a result of learning

72
Q

split brain

A

two hemispheres of the brain communicate through corpus callosum, without it, they can’t communicate and become independent of each other, without awareness (Roger Sperry and Miceal Gazzaniga studied split brain patients)

73
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and the spread of our ancestors genes (contributes to next generation, combines psychology and biology)

74
Q

charles darwins theory of natural selection

A

heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than other characteristics to be passed on to the next generation (takes millions of years and generations to let trait be selected over another)

75
Q

psychological adaption

A

development or change of mechanisms in the mind (food, habitat, and mate preferences)

ap psych (7 decks)

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