ap stats - unit 3 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A

1) Label 2) Randomize 3) Select

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2
Q

Stratified Random Sample

A

Split population into groups and choose a SRS from EACH group

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3
Q

Systematic Sample

A

Randomly choosing a start position, then sample with an equal interval between individuals

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4
Q

Cluster Sample

A

Split the population based on LOCATION. Use SRS to choose group(s), then sample ALL individuals in those group(s)

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5
Q

Voluntary Response Sample

A

people who volunteer themselves to respond (due to their own general appeal)

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6
Q

Convenience Sample

A

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach

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7
Q

undercoverage

A

when some groups in the population are left out of the process when choosing the sample

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8
Q

nonresponse

A

when individual chosen for sample can’t be contacted or refuses to participate

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9
Q

wording of questions

A

the most influential on answers, if worded wrong, could cause more bias

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10
Q

response bias

A

a systematic pattern of incorrect responses, due to wording of question, LYING, etc…

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11
Q

population

A

a group of individuals that you want information about

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12
Q

sample

A

a subset of the population

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13
Q

observational study

A

observes individuals and measures variable of interest but DOESN’T CHANGE anything to influence responses

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14
Q

experiment

A

imposes some treatment to measure their responses, doing something to CHANGE the results

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15
Q

explanatory variable (x)

A

is used to predict values

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16
Q

factors

A

when there is more than 1 explanatory value

17
Q

levels

A

when there is more than 1 factor

18
Q

response variable

A

the outcome(s) recorded

19
Q

treatment

A

what is being done to the participants

20
Q

experimental units

A

are the who/what the treatment is imposed on

21
Q

confounding variable

A

the variable not control, but can affect the results

22
Q

control group

A

the group with the treatment that has zero level used (like a sugar pill)
provides BASELINE DATA

23
Q

placebo effect

A

when a “fake” treatment works on a subject (like a sugar pill)

24
Q

single blind

A

when subjects are unaware of what treatment is being assigned (gets rid of placebo effect)

25
Q

double blind

A

when BOTH subject and the experimenter don’t know what treatment is being assigned (gets rid of placebo effect)

26
Q

4 key principles of experiments
(what we can CONCLUDE)

A

Comparison - need 2 or more treatments
Random assignment - use a chance process
Control - keep all other variables besides treatments constant
Replication - Use enough experimental units to see differences
_______
CRCR

27
Q

Completely Randomized design

A

(similar to SRS)
treatments are randomly assigned to a group of experimental units

28
Q

Randomized block design

A

when experimental units are grouped by some commonality FIRST, then randomly assigned to a treatment

29
Q

matched pair design

A

VERY SIMILAR experimental units paired up at first, then randomly assign treatments (also can be done with the pair being one person, aka most similar you can get)

30
Q

Causation*

A

changes in x CAUSES changes in y

31
Q

Confounding*

A

changes in x causes changes in y BUT y also is caused by confounding variable z

32
Q

Common Response*

A

changes in BOTH x and y are caused by confounding variables b

33
Q

Statistically significant

A

a result is unlikely due to chance