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Psychology > AP Psychology Important People > Flashcards

AP Psychology Important People Flashcards

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1
Q

Alfred Adler

A

*Neo-Freudian focused on parenting styles
*we are born weak and strive to overcome deficiencies by becoming superior (inferiority complex)

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2
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

*emotion attachment studied w/ The Ainsworth Strange Situation Experiment

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3
Q

Gordon Allport

A

*personality can be organized into 3 levels of traits
*cardinal traits shape behavior (rare, people lack single themes)
*central traits are general characteristics in every person
*secondary traits only seen in certain circumstances

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4
Q

Albert Bandura

A

*social learning theory explained by Bobo Doll Study
*aggression learned through observation and imitation

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5
Q

Aaron Beck

A

*father of cognitive therapy
*specialized in clinical depression - depression is a cognitive triad (negative thoughts about themselves, future, the world)

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6
Q

Alfred Binet

A

*designed first widely used intelligence test
*IQ test
*later: Stanford-Binet test

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7
Q

Paul Broca

A

*Broca’s Area: damage to a specific area in L frontal lobe causes trouble forming words (language still comprehensible, understand language, sing)

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8
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

*16 personalities/16 personality factor model

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9
Q

Naom Chomsky

A

*modern linguistics
*certain aspects of linguistic knowledge innate

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10
Q

Hermann Ebbinghause

A

*forgetting curve - we forget information within the first 20 minutes/hour/day, exponential

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11
Q

Paul Ekman

A

*studied facial expressions and how they reflect emotions
*6 basic, universal emotions: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise

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12
Q

Albert Ellis

A

*REBT: rational emotive behavior therapy helps patients overcome irrational thoughts
*eliminate self defeating thoughts and focus on beneficial thoughts

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13
Q

Erik Erikson

A

*Neo-Freudian focused on stages of psychosocial development

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14
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

*intelligence largely inherited
*all personality traits summarized by supertraits
*introversion/extroversion and emotional stability/neuroticism (OCEAN)

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15
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

*father of moden psychology
*psychotherapy
*the unconscious determines all (dreams, fee association, hypnosis)
*psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)
*id, edo, superego

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16
Q

Phineas Gage

A

*worker who had an iron rod go completely through his L frontal lobe, became very angry post accident
*specific areas of brain affect personality

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17
Q

Howard Gardner

A

*multiple intelligences (opposed Spearman)
*8 smarts

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18
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

*believed Kholberg’s theory of moral development was male-centerd
*boys more likely to be moral
*girls more likely to consider relationships

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19
Q

Francis Galton

A

*nature vs. nurture (said nature ruled)
*how do genetics affect individualism?

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20
Q

Daniel Goleman

A

*emotional intelligence: how well you handle feeling and how well you get along w/ others
*EQ more indicative than IQ

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21
Q

Harry Harlow

A

*raised monkeys w/ artificial mothers - nourishment vs. comfort
*humans are social and need contact to thrive

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22
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

*researched hypnosis
*hidden observer: person undergoing hypnosis can observe their pain w/o feeling suffering

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23
Q

Karen Horney

A

*Neo-Freudian who said parental indifference caused neurosis
*Oedipus Complex can be overcome w/ loving parents

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24
Q

William James & Carl Lange

A

*James: functionalism movement - function>structure of conscious
*James-Lange Theory of emotion: emotions occue bc of physiological rxns to events (how our bodies react determines what emotion will be felt)

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25
Q

Carl Jung

A

*collective unconscious: shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from species history
*‘masks’ worn in social situations

26
Q

Garcia & Koelling

A

*studied taste aversion in rats after radiation
*radiation made them nauseous, sensation paired with taste of water

27
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

*3 moral development stages (preconventional, conventional, post-conditional)

28
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

*false memory formation
*misinformation effect
*studied with car crash experiment

29
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

*critical period for attachment - imprinting

30
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

*founded humanistic psych (individual and self directed choices influence behavior)
*Hierarchy of Needs

31
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

*Milgram Experiment studied effects of authority on individuals
*conformity vs. obedience

32
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

*experimentation with dogs led him to discover classical conditioning
*spontaneous recovery

33
Q

Jean Piaget

A

*cognitive development of children
*4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, operational, concrete operational

34
Q

Carl Rogers

A

*humanistic psychologist
*self-concept and self-actualization
*unconditional positive regard

35
Q

Hermann Rorschach

A

*Rorschach Inkblot Test
*parts of personality will project onto stimuli

36
Q

David Rosenhan

A

*tested validity of psychiatric diagnosis of insanity
*Rosenhan Thud experiment

37
Q

Martin Seligman

A

*learned helplessness: one acts helpless in a situation if they cannot stop harmful stimulus (even if they have the power to stop it)

38
Q

Hans Selye

A

*GAS: general adaptation syndrome (alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion)

39
Q

Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer

A

*2 factory theory of emotion (emotions are affected by physical arousal + cognitive labeling of feeling)
*one must have conscious interpretation of arousal

40
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

*operant conditioning studied w/ Skinner Boxes
*rats placed in operant conditioning chamber
*behaviorist

41
Q

Charles Spearman

A

*G - general intelligence
*only 1 type of intelligence (tested by IQ)

42
Q

George Sperling

A

*iconic sensory memory (visual memory allows people to remember more than just hearing something)

43
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

*3 aspects of intelligence - analytical, creative, practical
*more to creativity than intelligence tests reveal

44
Q

Louis Terman

A

*revised Binet’s earlier test
*invented Stanford-Binet IQ Test
*‘gifted’ children scored highly on tests

45
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

*law of effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur, punished behavior is unlikely to recur

46
Q

Edward Tolman

A

*latent learning
*behavioral therapy
*studied rates in mazes

47
Q

John Watson

A

*behviorsim
*Little Albert Experiment proved classical conditioning

48
Q

Ernst Weber

A

*sensation
*difference threshold
*Weber’s Law: for someone to perceive a difference btwn 2 stimuli, stimuli must be in constant proportion

49
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

*language and grammar patterns shape view of reality

50
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

*est. first psych lab in Germany
*introspection
*structuralism

51
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

*role playing affects attitudes
*Stanford Prison Study vastly changed ethical standards of experimentation

52
Q

Mary Whilton Calkins

A

*first female president of the APA

53
Q

Charles Darwin

A

*theory of evolution and natural selection
*theory of animal man

54
Q

Stanley Hall

A

*founded APA
*former student of Wundt

55
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

*first woman to earn doctorate in psychology in US

56
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

*damage to superior posterior region of L temporal lobe causes jumbled incomprehensible speech

57
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

*gestalt psychiatrist
*insight learning
*chimpanzee experiment

58
Q

George A. Miller

A

*the magical number 7 +/- 2 for short term memory

59
Q

David Wechsler

A

*developed WAIS and WISC

60
Q

Soloman Asch

A

*studied conformity with Line Experiment

61
Q

Leon Festinger

A

*cognitive dissonance (we relieve discomfort by changing thoughts/attitudes rather than behavior)

Psychology (19 decks)

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