AP Psychology Chapter 5

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 3

An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 6

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 7

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Question 8

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 8

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus bc the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

The disappearance or weakening of a leaned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stim (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Question 10

Reinforcer

Answer 10

Any event or object that, when following a response, inc. the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

Question 12

Higher order conditioning

Answer 12

Occurs when a strong conditioned stim is paired with a neutral stim, causing the neutral stim to become a second conditioned stim.

Question 13

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Answer 13

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Question 14

Vicarious Conditioning

Answer 14

Classical Conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Question 15

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 15

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

Question 16

Biological Preparedness

Answer 16

Referring to the tendency of anims to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Question 17

Stimulus Substitution

Answer 17

Orig theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred bc the conditioned stim became a substitute for the unconditioned stim by being paired closely together.

Question 18

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 18

Modern Theory in which classical condition is seen to occur bc the conditioned stim provides info or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stim

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

The learning of the voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Question 20

Law of Effect

Answer 20

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consq, it will tend not to be repeated

Question 21

Operant

Answer 21

Any behavior that is voluntary

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

Any event or stim that, when following a response, inc. the probability that the response will occur again

Question 23

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 23

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Question 24

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 24

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Question 25

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 25

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stim

Question 26

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 26

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stim.

Question 27

Punishment

Answer 27

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Question 28

Punishment by application

Answer 28

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stim

Question 29

Punishment by removal

Answer 29

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stim

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior

Question 31

Successive Approximations

Answer 31

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

Question 32

Discriminative Stim

Answer 32

Any stim, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the org. with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Question 33

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Answer 33

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Question 34

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 34

The reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Question 35

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 35

Schedule of Reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Question 36

Variable interval Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 36

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

Question 37

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 37

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Question 38

Variable Ratio Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 38

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Question 39

Instinctive Drift

Answer 39

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Question 40

Behavior Modification

Answer 40

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behaviot

Question 41

Token economy

Answer 41

Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Question 42

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Answer 42

Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Question 43

Biofeedback

Answer 43

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Question 44

Neurofeedback

Answer 44

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Question 45

Latent Learning

Answer 45

Learning that remains hidden until its application become useful

Question 46

Insight

Answer 46

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem come quickly

Question 47

Learned Helpness

Answer 47

The tendency to fail to act to escaped from a situation bc of a history of repeated failures in the past

Question 48

Observational Learning

Answer 48

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Question 49

Learning/Performance Distinction

Answer 49

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Question 50

Reinforcer

Answer 50

A stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it