AP Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus Discrimination
The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus bc the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
The disappearance or weakening of a leaned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stim (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Reinforcer
Any event or object that, when following a response, inc. the likelihood of that response occurring again.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured
Higher order conditioning
Occurs when a strong conditioned stim is paired with a neutral stim, causing the neutral stim to become a second conditioned stim.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Vicarious Conditioning
Classical Conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.
Biological Preparedness
Referring to the tendency of anims to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
Stimulus Substitution
Orig theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred bc the conditioned stim became a substitute for the unconditioned stim by being paired closely together.
Cognitive Perspective
Modern Theory in which classical condition is seen to occur bc the conditioned stim provides info or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stim
Operant Conditioning
The learning of the voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Law of Effect
Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consq, it will tend not to be repeated
Operant
Any behavior that is voluntary
Reinforcement
Any event or stim that, when following a response, inc. the probability that the response will occur again
Primary Reinforcer
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.
Secondary Reinforcer
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.
Positive Reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stim
Negative Reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stim.
Punishment
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
Punishment by application
The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stim
Punishment by removal
The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stim
Shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior
Successive Approximations
Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.
Discriminative Stim
Any stim, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the org. with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Effect
The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
Continuous Reinforcement
The reinforcement of each and every correct response.
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of Reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Variable interval Schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Variable Ratio Schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Instinctive Drift
Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
Behavior Modification
The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behaviot
Token economy
Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.
Biofeedback
Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
Neurofeedback
Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
Latent Learning
Learning that remains hidden until its application become useful
Insight
The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem come quickly
Learned Helpness
The tendency to fail to act to escaped from a situation bc of a history of repeated failures in the past
Observational Learning
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Learning/Performance Distinction
Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Reinforcer
A stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it
