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AP Psychology > AP Psych Chapter 3 > Flashcards

AP Psych Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synesthesia

A

Disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation

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2
Q

Sensation

A

The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

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3
Q

Transduction

A

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.

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4
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 precent of the time.

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The lowest level of stimulation that person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

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6
Q

Habituation

A

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.

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7
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.

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8
Q

Visual Accommodation

A

The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close.

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9
Q

Rods

A

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light.

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10
Q

Cones

A

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.

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11
Q

Blind Spot

A

Area in the Retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light

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12
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights.

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13
Q

Light adaptation

A

The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

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14
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, green

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15
Q

Afterimages

A

Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.

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16
Q

Opponent-process Theory

A

Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow

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17
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency

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18
Q

Pinna

A

The visible part of the ear

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19
Q

Auditory Canal

A

Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum

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20
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid

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21
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear

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22
Q

Pitch

A

Psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.

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23
Q

Place Theory

A

Theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti

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24
Q

Frequency theory

A

Theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane

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25
Q

Volley Principle

A

Theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hs to 4000 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing.

26
Q

Olfaction Sense

A

The sensation of smell

27
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

28
Q

Somesthetic senses

A

The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses.

29
Q

Skin Senses

A

The sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain.

30
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and eachother

31
Q

Vestibular senses

A

The sensation of movement, balance, and body position.

32
Q

Sensory Conflict Theory

A

An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vesitibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort.

33
Q

Perception

A

The method by which the sensations experiences at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

34
Q

Size Constancy

A

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size regardless of its distance.

35
Q

Shape constancy

A

The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant even when is shape changes on the retina

36
Q

Brightness Constancy

A

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.

37
Q

Figure-Ground

A

The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

38
Q

Reversible Figures

A

Visual Illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

39
Q

Proximity

A

The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

40
Q

Similarity

A

The tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

41
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.

42
Q

Continuity

A

The tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

43
Q

Contiguity

A

The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

44
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

45
Q

Monocular cues (Pictorial depth cues)

A

Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

46
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.

47
Q

Linear perspective

A

The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on eachother.

48
Q

Relative Size

A

Perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

49
Q

Overlap (interposition)

A

The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

50
Q

Aerial Perspective

A

The haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer causing the distance to be perceived as greater.

51
Q

Texture Gradient

A

The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.

52
Q

Motion Parallas

A

The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly that objects that are farther away.

53
Q

Accomadation

A

As a monocular clue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close of far away.

54
Q

Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

Illusion of length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

55
Q

Perceptual set (Perceptual Expectancy)

A

The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

56
Q

Top-Down processing

A

The use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.

57
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a compete perception

58
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology.

59
Q

Gustation

A

The sensation of a taste

60
Q

Convergence

A

The rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant

61
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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